That's how 'science' began -
The romantic fantasy that language creates thought meets the history of science.

In East Asia, including Korea, the 'rainbow', which was once described as 'five-colored', became a 'seven-colored rainbow' after coming into contact with the Western concept of 'Sept couleurs de l'arc-en-ciel', which was influenced by Christian thought.
It is a shift in the rainbow paradigm.
The bold linguistic hypothesis that a person's thinking is governed by the language he or she uses was born more than 1,000 years ago and continues to subtly 'govern' our thinking to this day.
There has been much debate regarding this, but the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, which was developed by Edward Sapir, a representative linguist who advocated this hypothesis, and his disciple Benjamin Lee Whorf, is not fully accepted today.
This is because the dominance-subordination relationship or causality between language and thought is not something that can be proven.
However, this hypothesis has not yet been completely rejected even in modern times, and remains somewhat lukewarm, suggesting that language and thought influence each other.
In fact, it is impossible for modern linguists to go back in time and observe the origins of language and the moment of birth of social culture.
But there is a language that can observe that moment.
These are ‘new words’ and ‘translated words.’

We often think 'scientifically' in our daily lives.
“?? is science,” he says, and “physically it is impossible.”
Distinguish between ‘natural’ and ‘artificial’ and enjoy modern civilization created through ‘science and technology’.
When we say 'dinosaur', we all think of Tyrannosaurus Rex and other familiar creatures.
Memorize the order of the planets in the solar system, saying, 'Su, Geum, Ji, Hwa, Mok, To, Cheon, Hae (name).'
But when did this pattern of behavior begin? When did we begin to attribute a "scientific" quality to the word "science"? If we were to use the word "science" in conversation with someone from the Joseon Dynasty, they would likely interpret it entirely differently.
Before 'science' became established as a translation of science, science (科學) was an abbreviation of the study for the civil service examination, that is, the study of the civil service examination (科擧之學).
If you look at the list of classes at Wonsan Academy, which is considered the first science education institution in Korea, there is a subject called ‘Gyeokchi (格致)’.
This is a saying from the book “Gyeokmulchiji” (格物致知), which means “to investigate the principles of all things to the end and reach knowledge.”
What would this subject be like today? Of course, it's science.
It was a subject called science.
Various words, including 'gyeokchi', 'science', 'knowledge', 'academic', and 'academics', competed for the translation of 'science'.
In the end, what remained was 'science', but in fact, it wouldn't have been strange if someone had survived.
It is clear that the meaning of 'Gyeokchi', which we looked at earlier, is semantically related to what we mean by 'science' today.
Moreover, considering that the Latin word scientia, the etymology of science, meant a broad range of things such as 'knowledge' and 'knowledge', it is reasonable to question whether science has become 'science'.

But in the end, it was ‘science’ that survived.
No, it's science.
Science still lives on today and has a profound influence on many aspects of our thinking.
The author believes in the age-old idea that “language is the window to thought.”
Although language does not entirely govern our thinking, our thoughts are concretized through language, and human society is bound by language.
We discuss truth, understand science, and define life by sharing language.
However, not many people have explored the process through which such an important language came to be in its current form.
As a specialist in the history of science, the author explores the origins of many of the key scientific vocabulary we use today.
It traces how the framework of thought we 'inherit' was created and disseminated, and how its vocabulary has influenced the formation of our thought systems and worldview.
We cannot trace the vocabulary of the distant past beyond the limited sources and the vast time span.
However, it is possible to examine the process by which new vocabulary related to science was created and translated in modern times.
When we consider that as new vocabulary was translated and introduced, East Asian languages, cultures, and concepts inevitably served as receptors, it is also an observation of the friction that arose when Western scientific concepts encountered traditional East Asian thought.
And this was also a process of new birth in which different ideas collided to create the current system of thought, as Hegel talks about in dialectical thinking.
It is precisely this scene that we want to look into in this book.

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the English word science (French word science) appeared as early as the mid-14th century.
But at that time, this vocabulary was far from today's science.
It meant 'knowing' or 'knowledge in general', like the Latin 'scientiae'.
If we look for a word in the literature of that time that is close to what we understand today as science, it is not the English word science or the Latin word scientia, but rather the word 'natural philosophy philosophiæ naturalis'.
Moreover, people called such explorers natural philosophers, virtuosos, savant, etc.
For example, Isaac Newton wrote a Latin work called Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), also known as Principia, in 1687, and as the title suggests, he called his discipline "natural philosophy" rather than "science."

--- From 「01ㆍScience/科學/Science」

Lee Man-gyu revealed that linguist Lee Yun-jae had gone to Shanghai and written down some of the scientific vocabulary created by Kim Du-bong, and introduced about 521 terms related to physics, chemistry, and mathematics written in pure Korean.
For example, Kim Du-bong wrote physics as 'mon-gyeol-gal', mechanics as 'him-gal', movement as 'eom-jeok', inertia as 'beor-haeng', gravity as 'jeojae-him', universal gravitation as 'da-it-geul-him', centripetal force as 'sok-chat-him', and centrifugal force as 'sok-tteu-him'.
Kim Du-bong's proposal was very meaningful in that it looked back at the problem of foreign words that had been accepted almost uncritically during the modernization process and sought to replace them with pure Korean words.

--- From 「05ㆍPhysics/Physics」

The Latin word 'ars' (English art) is closer to today's technology and was actively used until the early modern period.
However, with the development of capitalism, as mechanical industries grew beyond the traditional craftsmanship, it became necessary to distinguish art in factories or production sites from art as a traditional discipline, art, or handicraft.
That is, a new term, ‘mechanical art’, has emerged within the field of art.
Peter Ramus, a 16th-century French philosopher and educational reformer, divided art into liberal art and mechanical art, and used the Latin word technologia as an umbrella term for them.


Nowadays, technology is usually translated as 'skill', but traditionally, the Chinese character '技術' had a different meaning.
That is, the earliest example of the Chinese character 技術 can be found in the first section of the “Biographies of the Traders” in Sima Qian’s “Records of the Grand Historian” (around 91 BC).
This is a passage that says, “The reason why doctors, radiologist, and other technicians who make a living exert their talents to the fullest while striving for spiritual well-being is because they value food.”
The "Hwasik Yeoljeon" of the "Records of the Grand Historian" introduces each country's agricultural, fishery, and commerce products, as well as industrial fields such as iron and steel, metallurgy, and foundry. In the above sentence, "technology" meant the "skill" or "talent" of doctors and magicians.

--- From 「06ㆍTechnology/技術/Technology」

The following year, February 24, 1908, in the 18th issue of the Taegeuk Hakbo titled “Injogeum,” it states, “The theory that all matter is made of extremely fine dust is still widely popular today, and they call this fine dust an atom and advocate monism, but this is nothing more than a speculation [Is the theory that all matter is made of extremely fine dust still prevalent today? Why give this fine dust the name of an atom and advocate monism? Is this not a single theory?”
The term "mijin" (微塵), which was originally a traditional Buddhist term, is used here to mean "atom," indicating that atomism is nothing but nonsense.

--- From "08ㆍAtom"

Unlike the English word dinosaur, which means 'a frighteningly large lizard', the Chinese character for dinosaur means 'a fearsome dragon'.
Matajiro, like Goto, translated saurus as 'dragon' and added the character 'gong' (fearful) in front of it to create a new translation, 'dinosaur'.
However, there were some who preferred the translation that was more faithful to the original concept of the word, 'fearfully great lizard', coined by Owen, rather than the word 'dinosaur' coined by Matajiro.
And instead of 'dinosaur', they used the word 'Gongcheok-fear?' or 'Gongseok-fear?'
'Gongcheok' or 'Gongseok' are Chinese characters that refer to lizards, 'Domagyeom Cheok?' or 'Domagyeom Seok?', and the character 'Gong', meaning 'fearful', is added to them.
--- From "13ㆍDinosaur/恐龍/Dinosaur"

These five planets are also associated with ancient Chinese philosophy.
The Five Elements Theory is a representative example.
This theory of the five elements, which states that everything in the world is made up of five substances: fire, water, wood, metal, and earth, developed through their mutual correspondence with the five planets.
It is also well known that these five planets and seven celestial bodies, including the sun and moon, formed the basis of Eastern and Western cosmology, calendars, and alchemy.
The names of the days of the week for the 7th are representative.
Sunday corresponds to the Sun, Monday corresponds to the Moon, Tuesday corresponds to Mars, Wednesday corresponds to Mercury, Thursday corresponds to Jupiter, Friday corresponds to Venus, and Saturday corresponds to Saturn.
The calendar called 'Chiljeongsan', created in 1442 during the reign of King Sejong, is a record of the movements of these seven celestial bodies.

--- From "14ㆍPlane"

You might ask, wouldn't the confusion go away if we translated speed as velocity and velocity as speed?
But the problem is not that simple.
Some argue that it is more appropriate to change speed to velocity and velocity to speed.
Because the degree of speed refers to the ‘degree of doing something’, and the force of velocity refers to the ‘power of doing something’.
Therefore, etymologically, the 'do' of 'speed' indicates 'the degree of something', like temperature, density, and humidity, so it is closer to a scalar value that only indicates size, whereas the 'force' of speed, that is, force, is more appropriate to express as a vector value because the direction in which it acts is important.

--- From 「16ㆍSpeed/Speed/Velocity」