{"product_id":"112228","title":"The Power of Geography 3 ","description":"\u003ccenter\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align:center\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/tmgdisk01.cafe24.com\/images\/vs\/4172\/sv\/WQt5ILR8u7YyI3f2q1euUD.png?v=1764960028\" style=\"max-width:100%;max-height:10px\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003ccenter\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd style=\"height:10px\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\u003c\/tr\u003e\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003ccenter\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd style=\"height:10px\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\u003c\/tr\u003e\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003ccenter\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv style=\"width:95%\"\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align:center;font-size:30px;font-weight:bolder;line-height:1.6em\"\u003e The Power of Geography 3 \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003ccenter\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd style=\"height:10px\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\u003c\/tr\u003e\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\n\u003ccenter\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd style=\"height:10px\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\u003c\/tr\u003e\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\n\u003ccenter\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd style=\"height:10px\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\u003c\/tr\u003e\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\n\u003ccenter\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd style=\"height:10px\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\u003c\/tr\u003e\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px;border-bottom-style:dotted;border-color:;padding-bottom:20px\"\u003e\u003ccenter\u003e\u003ctable align=\"center\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\u003ctbody style=\"border:0px\"\u003e\n\n\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"center\" style=\"line-height:1.2em;text-align:center;font-size:18px;color:black;font-weight:bold;padding-bottom:20px;\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\n\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd style=\"text-align:center\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/image.yes24.com\/goods\/144961735\/XL\" style=\"max-width:100%;height:auto\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003ccenter\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd style=\"height:10px\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\u003c\/tr\u003e\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\n\u003ccenter\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd style=\"height:10px\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\u003c\/tr\u003e\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv style=\"width:95%;{split_style6}padding-top:20px;padding-bottom:20px\"\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align:left;font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;padding-bottom:20px\"\u003e Description \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align:left;word-break:break-all;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6em;\"\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003ch5\u003e \u003cb\u003eBook Introduction\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/h5\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e \u003cb\u003eThe final destination of geopolitics is space.\u003cbr\u003e Space is the “new real estate” of the 21st century.\u003cbr\u003e Whoever dominates space also dominates Earth's politics and economy!\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cbr\u003eGeopolitics of Space is an extension of geopolitics of Earth.\u003cbr\u003e The geography of the Earth, the Earth's \"competition for hegemony\" is expanding into space!\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The third installment in the global bestseller \"The Power of Geography,\" published in 30 countries worldwide.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Tim Marshall, author of the \"The Power of Geography\" series, which sold over 3 million copies worldwide and exploded popular interest in geography, has returned with \"The Power of Geography Volume 3.\" The author, who has been praised as \"the most popular geopolitics writer of our time\" and \"another outstanding guide to the modern world\" for illuminating international politics, economics, war, and the gap between rich and poor through the lens of geography, has worked as a journalist specializing in international conflicts for over 30 years, covering over 30 conflict zones around the world, including the Balkans and the Middle East, while working as a reporter for the BBC, a correspondent for the Financial Times, and a correspondent covering foreign affairs.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eIn his previous work, \"The Power of Geography 1, 2,\" he analyzed the reasons why geopolitical conflicts persist in the 21st century through geographic factors, examining major countries around the world and countries at the center of geopolitical issues, from the North Pole up high to Australia down south. In this book, he shifts his gaze from the ground to the \"space\" above our heads.\u003cbr\u003e This book examines the space capabilities, degree of space militarization, and space development competition of 15 countries: the current \"Big 3 space powers\"—the United States, China, and Russia—along with the United Kingdom, France, the United Arab Emirates, Israel, Iran, Japan, South Korea, India, North Korea, Australia, and the African continent.\u003cbr\u003e Signs that space will become a central figure in the 21st century's geopolitical discourse have long been building. \u003cbr\u003eNow, humanity is engaged in a fierce battle over the geography of the universe, just as it has done over the geography of the Earth.\u003cbr\u003e As such, the geography of the Earth is expanding into space, and the competition for hegemony on Earth is extending into space.\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e You can preview some of the book's contents.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cspan\u003ePreview\u003c\/span\u003e\n\n\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003ch5\u003e \u003cb\u003eindex\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/h5\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e Introduction: Space: A New Geopolitical Battleground\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cb\u003eChapter 1: Humans Look Up at the Sky\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e God will rule the stars above.\u003cbr\u003e The ancient Greeks approached mathematics, not oracles.\u003cbr\u003e From the Islamic Golden Age to the Renaissance\u003cbr\u003e The Earth must not rotate, because the Pope forbids it!\u003cbr\u003e God steps aside and science reigns supreme\u003cbr\u003e Even in the 20th century, we only know about water droplets and not about the sea.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cb\u003eChapter 2: The Cold War Drove Us into Space\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The first thing you need to go into space is a rocket.\u003cbr\u003e The Cold War began with the rocket competition between the two countries. \u003cbr\u003eSputnik 1 gets there before the US\u003cbr\u003e The United States continues to lose its title of \"first\"\u003cbr\u003e Now all that remains is who will reach the moon first.\u003cbr\u003e Ultimately, the United States left the greatest footprint on humanity.\u003cbr\u003e “We must make sure that no one knows that we have been overtaken.”\u003cbr\u003e A competition between systems over the moon\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cb\u003eChapter 3: Space is the New Real Estate of the 21st Century\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The geography of the universe begins on Earth.\u003cbr\u003e Low Earth Orbit: The Most Attractive Real Estate in Space\u003cbr\u003e Medium orbit, which provides guidance, and high orbit, which is quite busy.\u003cbr\u003e Parking lot of the universe\u003cbr\u003e The moon is slightly larger than the African continent\u003cbr\u003e First come, first served?\u003cbr\u003e He who controls the universe controls the Earth.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cb\u003eChapter 4: The Universe Is Now (Virtually) Lawless\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The Artemis Accords have more holes than the moon's surface.\u003cbr\u003e An outdated agreement that only space lawyers would appreciate.\u003cbr\u003e Is it okay to attack private satellites?\u003cbr\u003e If a murder occurs in space \u003cbr\u003eKessler syndrome\u003cbr\u003e Satellites attacking satellites\u003cbr\u003e It's more dangerous not to crash into Earth\u003cbr\u003e A disaster coming from that distant universe\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cb\u003eChapter 5: China Wants to Be a Leader, Not a Winner\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e More interested in technological advancement than boasting about being a winner\u003cbr\u003e \"Excluding us? Well, then...\"\u003cbr\u003e Linking nationalism to space exploration\u003cbr\u003e It is a well-known fact that China has outstanding space capabilities.\u003cbr\u003e Land on the moon before the US?\u003cbr\u003e The only country in the world with its own space station\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cb\u003eChapter 6: America, If We Don't Own It, Opportunity Goes to Others\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e It's not as desperate as it used to be, though.\u003cbr\u003e Creation of the Space Force\u003cbr\u003e A country that wants to become a space police officer\u003cbr\u003e Return to the Moon, This Time I'm Going to Stay\u003cbr\u003e Elon Musk, Jeff Bezos, and the Era of Space Commercialization\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cb\u003eChapter 7: Russia's Heyday, Both on Land and in Space\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e A red star that is losing its power\u003cbr\u003e Russian incidents in space \u003cbr\u003ePutin: Space military power is unrivaled.\u003cbr\u003e It is Russia, not China, that is more desperate.\u003cbr\u003e Ambitious but lacking in funds, equipment, or expertise.\u003cbr\u003e The Fall of \"Made in Russia\"\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cb\u003eChapter 8: Space Expansion by Countries in Europe, the Middle East, Asia, and Africa\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Europe, apart yet together\u003cbr\u003e France, which seeks to avoid relying on the US, and Germany, which has not been prominent in the space industry.\u003cbr\u003e Britain may be a powerhouse on earth, but it lags far behind in space.\u003cbr\u003e China's efforts to overtake US GPS\u003cbr\u003e Japan's non-military participation is more active than its military participation\u003cbr\u003e South Korea joins the ranks of space powers, while North Korea successfully conducts a solid-fuel ICBM test flight.\u003cbr\u003e India's rise as a second-tier space power\u003cbr\u003e Australia relies on other countries' satellites for weather forecasts.\u003cbr\u003e Israel launches satellites in the opposite direction to most countries\u003cbr\u003e The United Arab Emirates has allowed Chinese companies to enter its space industry.\u003cbr\u003e Iran disguises military use \u003cbr\u003eAfrica cannot remain an importer of space technology.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cb\u003eChapter 9: 2038: The Space War Finally Breaks Out\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e 2030: China and the United States on the brink of war\u003cbr\u003e Satellites: Attractive Attack Targets\u003cbr\u003e 2038, the moon becomes a battlefield\u003cbr\u003e Strategies to Prevent Space War\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cb\u003eChapter 10: The Moon, Mars, and the Human Mind\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e 385,000 kilometers from home, we're now going to live there.\u003cbr\u003e Elon Musk's 79th birthday party on Mars in 2050!\u003cbr\u003e Rotating space cities, rocket-driven sails, and the human mind\u003cbr\u003e In the distant future we\u003cbr\u003e Well then, have a nice trip!\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Conclusion: The Universe Awaits Us, Homo Sapiens\u003cbr\u003e Acknowledgements\u003cbr\u003e References\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003ch5\u003e \u003cb\u003eDetailed image\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/h5\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/image.yes24.com\/momo\/TopCate5248\/MidCate004\/524735250.jpg\" border=\"0\" alt=\"Detailed Image 1\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003ch5\u003e \u003cb\u003eInto the book\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/h5\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e Now more than ever, the geography of the Earth is expanding into space. \u003cbr\u003eHumanity is elevating nations, corporations, history, politics, and even all kinds of conflicts to a higher level.\u003cbr\u003e This situation could also bring about huge changes in our lives above the surface of the earth.\u003cbr\u003e Moreover, space is now becoming the “latest stadium” where fierce competition among humans will unfold.\u003cbr\u003e --- p.9\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e “The universe is not far away at all.\u003cbr\u003e If your car could go straight up at 100 kilometers per hour, it would only be about an hour away.”\u003cbr\u003e --- p.10\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Among the players who have entered the “stage” of space in the present age, there are three major players we should know.\u003cbr\u003e They are China, the United States, and Russia.\u003cbr\u003e These are nations capable of independent spaceflight, and how they proceed with space exploration will affect everyone on Earth.\u003cbr\u003e --- p.13\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The White House played it down. \u003cbr\u003ePresident Eisenhower referred to Sputnik 1 as “a little ball in the sky,” one aide said the United States would not play “basketball in space,” and another even disparaged Sputnik as “a ridiculous marble.”\u003cbr\u003e That little ball floating in the sky shattered the perception of America as impregnable.\u003cbr\u003e --- p.55\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Space is not a place without any special features.\u003cbr\u003e There are highly radioactive zones, vast oceans, superhighways where the planet's gravity can accelerate spacecraft, strategic corridors for deploying military and commercial equipment, and lands rich in natural resources.\u003cbr\u003e All of this attracts the attention of the great powers, and so they will try to “gain the upper hand” there by any means necessary.\u003cbr\u003e --- p.82\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eLow Earth orbit is an attractive real estate location because it is where most satellites operate.\u003cbr\u003e It is also the most used location for taking satellite images.\u003cbr\u003e The closer you are to the surface, the clearer the image quality.\u003cbr\u003e The resolution of cameras mounted on modern, cutting-edge military satellites is said to have increased to 0.15 meters, and thanks to this, we can now even see what brand of sunglasses Jason Bourne, the protagonist of spy movies, is wearing.\u003cbr\u003e --- p.88\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The notion that space is a global commons is fading away.\u003cbr\u003e The situation is very precarious right now.\u003cbr\u003e We need to establish new rules and apply them to the universe.\u003cbr\u003e There are 8 billion reasons why this should be done.\u003cbr\u003e Every human being on Earth should be concerned with the rule-based order of the universe and global cooperation in the universe. \u003cbr\u003eWithout such interest, we would end up fighting fiercely over the geography of the universe, just as we did over the geography of the Earth.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e --- p.104\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Let's look at a more gruesome case... ... , if, although unlikely, a Japanese astronaut were to kill a Japanese colleague in a Japanese module, the law would be very clear.\u003cbr\u003e But things get more complicated when two people from different countries are implicated in a truly horrific murder, and it happens during a spacewalk outside the International Space Station.\u003cbr\u003e --- p.123\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Satellites from each country are attractive targets to other countries for various reasons.\u003cbr\u003e Therefore, various anti-satellite weapons (ASAT) were developed to target and attack enemy satellites moving at high speeds thousands of kilometers above the ground.\u003cbr\u003e --- p.130\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eIn the 21st century, the Chinese Communist Party knew it had to use satellites to propagandize to everyone that China had the potential to become a world leader in military, technological, and economic fields.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e --- p.154\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Building a base on the moon would capture the imagination of a generation, much like the moon landing did in 1969.\u003cbr\u003e This is not just about “planting a flag,” but about “occupying the space frontier” to gain military and commercial dominance.\u003cbr\u003e The spoils of this war are the potential wealth of the moon and the potential use of lunar bases as staging grounds for military satellites that would be difficult for rival powers to detect.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e --- p.168\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eThe US space shuttle was now recording a fatal accident at a rate of one in 67 flights. NASA claimed it could launch the shuttle once a month, but in reality, launching more than once every three months was difficult and costly.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e --- p.181\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e In terms of space military power, the United States is currently clearly ahead of China.\u003cbr\u003e But in 2021, Space Force's David D.\u003cbr\u003e General Thompson warned:\u003cbr\u003e “The fact that China is actually building its space capabilities at twice the rate we are on average means that if we don’t accelerate our development and launch capabilities, they will soon overtake us,” he said. His projection is 2030.\u003cbr\u003e --- p.189\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eWhile Russia has certainly demonstrated the ability and willingness to launch rockets at densely populated civilian areas, its world-renowned spaceflight capabilities appear to be faltering.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e --- p.209\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Dmitry Rogozin even revealed his nationalist leanings by sarcastically suggesting that American astronauts would have to use trampolines to reach the International Space Station instead of the Russian rockets they have been using for years.\u003cbr\u003e The day after the US sanctions went into effect, he quipped:\u003cbr\u003e “Let’s let them fly away on something else.\u003cbr\u003e “Their brooms.”\u003cbr\u003e --- p.210\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e South Korea is another country that is growing into a space powerhouse by leveraging its outstanding technological prowess. \u003cbr\u003eThe country announced it had joined the ranks of space nations in 2022 when it sent a lunar probe to study the moon's chemistry and magnetic field.\u003cbr\u003e But the fact that the spacecraft was sent into space aboard a SpaceX rocket launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in the United States reveals South Korea's current limitations.\u003cbr\u003e --- p.257\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e North Korea said it had successfully conducted its first test flight of a solid-fuel ICBM.\u003cbr\u003e Solid-fuel ICBMs are more maneuverable than missiles that use liquid propellants because they use fuel already mounted on the fuselage.\u003cbr\u003e It is also easier to conceal and can be prepared for launch in just minutes.\u003cbr\u003e By possessing solid-fuel ICBMs, North Korea increases its ability to strike other countries' satellites with direct-attack missiles.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e --- p.258\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eAustralia has no means of protecting its few satellites from potential Chinese attack.\u003cbr\u003e Their territory may be vast, but their space capabilities are meager.\u003cbr\u003e Because it does not have its own satellite system, it currently relies on satellite data from other countries for weather forecasts and monitoring of natural disasters ranging from volcanic activity to forest fires.\u003cbr\u003e --- p.262\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The United Arab Emirates became the fifth country in history to reach Mars, following the United States, the Soviet Union, the European Space Agency, and India, on February 9, 2021, when the Hope spacecraft entered Mars' orbit to study the Martian atmosphere.\u003cbr\u003e --- p.269\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e On August 23, the lander finally successfully landed on the lunar surface, a source of immense national pride.\u003cbr\u003e With this, India became the fourth country to successfully land on the lunar surface and the first country to land on the lunar south pole. \u003cbr\u003eNow, India has solidified its position as a leading second-tier space power while also revealing a clear ambition to leap forward as a first-tier space power.\u003cbr\u003e --- p.261\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Just as terrestrial powers compete for control of the seas around their coastlines, scholars of space politics argue that the space war should be understood as a fight for control of the transportation routes in the sky. Just as nations on Earth have competed for maritime routes and the transportation and trade that go with them, nations around the world will now compete for orbital routes in space.\u003cbr\u003e --- p.286\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e For at least the next decade, wars in space will largely be linked to wars on Earth.\u003cbr\u003e In the short term, a space war is most likely to stem from tensions in the Asia-Pacific region, including China, Taiwan, India, Japan, and the United States.\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e --- p.287\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003ch5\u003e \u003cb\u003ePublisher's Review\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/h5\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e  \u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eSpace is a place that can be reached in an hour by a car traveling at 100 kilometers per hour.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e NASA defines space as beginning at 80 kilometers above sea level, and the Federation Aeronautics Internationale (FAI) defines space as beginning at 100 kilometers above sea level.\u003cbr\u003e So if you had a car that could go straight up at 100 kilometers per hour, you could get to space in under an hour.\u003cbr\u003e That's how close the universe is to us.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cb\u003eSpace is the \"new real estate\" and \"new geopolitical battleground\" of the 21st century.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eThere are parking lots in space, popular launch pads teeming with over 8,000 satellites, a moon slightly larger than Africa that is now being inhabited, Mars, a seven-month journey away with the latest spacecraft, highly radioactive zones, vast oceans, areas ripe for development, strategic corridors for military deployments, and lands rich in natural resources.\u003cbr\u003e All of this attracts the attention of the great powers, who are trying to gain an advantage there by any means necessary.\u003cbr\u003e Ultimately, space has become another “object of contention” and a new geopolitical battlefield.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cb\u003eIn the Age of Space, geopolitics has become just as important in space as on land.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Space has already become central to Earth's economy, communications, military strategy, and international relations. \u003cbr\u003eAs space grows in importance from a military, economic, and geopolitical perspective, competition becomes fiercer.\u003cbr\u003e Ultimately, space is something that humans must explore, develop, and perhaps conquer.\u003cbr\u003e It is also the “latest arena” where power struggles take place between countries.\u003cbr\u003e The world is busy now and will become even busier in the future.\u003cbr\u003e From physical territory and resources to satellites, weapons, and strategic locations, geopolitics is now as important in space as it is on land.\u003cbr\u003e We have now entered the era of the space race.\u003cbr\u003e Who wins this battle will bring about a huge change in our lives on the surface of the earth below.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cb\u003eCompetition, alliances, and conflicts on Earth are expanding into space.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eThe notion that space is a \"global commons\" is fading. The slogan \"space is a battlefield\" may sound a bit aggressive, but it's a stark truth.\u003cbr\u003e Space is already \"militarized,\" and the great powers are quickly moving into space to \"maintain their superiority on earth,\" while the rest of the world is rushing to seize the opportunity.\u003cbr\u003e What happens in space is an extension of what happens on Earth.\u003cbr\u003e Therefore, the geopolitics of space cannot be unaffected by the geopolitics of Earth.\u003cbr\u003e Now, wars between nations begin in space, not on land.\u003cbr\u003e However, humanity has not yet established a set of norms to regulate this competition.\u003cbr\u003e Without agreed-upon rules to regulate human activity in space, conflict would escalate to a staggering degree.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eLow Earth orbit, a strategically important space hub and gateway, is home to the largest number of satellites.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Low Earth orbit, which is about 160 to 2,000 kilometers above the Earth, is an attractive real estate site because it is where most artificial satellites are located.\u003cbr\u003e Because it is close to the Earth's surface, the image quality is clear and it is most often used for satellite imagery.\u003cbr\u003e The resolution of the cameras onboard modern, cutting-edge military satellites is so high that they can even tell what brand of sunglasses Jason Bourne is wearing.\u003cbr\u003e Low Earth orbit can be likened to the Suez Canal or Strait of Hormuz on Earth.\u003cbr\u003e To venture into the vast ocean of space, we must have access to the communications networks provided by satellites in low orbit, while at the same time traveling through low orbit.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eMedium orbit, where GPS satellites are located; high orbit, where communication and surveillance satellites are located.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e When it reaches about 2,000 kilometers above the ground, it enters medium orbit, which continues to about 35,786 kilometers above the ground.\u003cbr\u003e Many of the satellites located here provide services to Earth such as positioning and navigation.\u003cbr\u003e In contrast, a single satellite in a high-Earth orbit, exceeding 35,786 kilometers, can observe up to 42 percent of the Earth's surface.\u003cbr\u003e Military communications satellites and wiretapping satellites are stationed here, along with TV satellites, radio satellites, and wide-area weather satellites.\u003cbr\u003e Right here, the United States operates six state-of-the-art ultra-high frequency satellites for both military and civilian commercial use.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cb\u003eThe Moon, slightly larger than the African continent but containing 1 million tons of helium-3\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e  \u003cbr\u003eThe moon is 385,000 kilometers from our home planet, Earth, and it takes about three days for a manned spacecraft to reach it.\u003cbr\u003e The challenge to reach the moon is being undertaken for various reasons, including national honor, commercial and strategic purposes.\u003cbr\u003e The moon is an amazing place with mountains, ridges, valleys, plains, and vast caves, providing sources of water, oxygen, and energy, as well as natural resources including rare earth elements.\u003cbr\u003e But more than anything, there is a lot of helium-3 accumulated on the lunar surface, and helium-3 can be used as fuel to cause nuclear fusion.\u003cbr\u003e Nuclear fusion is practically the holy grail of energy production because it produces more energy than nuclear fission while producing far less radiation.\u003cbr\u003e On Earth, helium-3 accounts for only 0.0001 percent of all helium, but on the moon, a whopping 1 million tons exist. \u003cbr\u003eAccording to scientists, if we can harness helium-3, “we could solve humanity’s energy problems for about 10,000 years.”\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cb\u003eUltimately, whoever rules the universe also rules the politics and economy of Earth!\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e In this way, there are various strategic locations in space that terrestrial nations would covet.\u003cbr\u003e If a space superpower could control the path out of the atmosphere, it could block other nations from spaceflight.\u003cbr\u003e Moreover, if that country were to control the moon, it would not only monopolize the moon's wealth but also enjoy the same advantages enjoyed by past maritime powers.\u003cbr\u003e Those who are first to land will have the first chance to access the moon's potential wealth and bring some of it back to Earth.\u003cbr\u003e It also becomes the only nation that can travel further into the solar system using the moon as a base. \u003cbr\u003eThose who pioneer the path first can set the conditions that others must follow.\u003cbr\u003e And if that country controls even low-orbit, it can dominate the satellite belt and control the world based on that.\u003cbr\u003e Ultimately, whoever rules the universe will also rule the Earth.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Professor Everett Dolman, a world-renowned theorist of space politics and author of Astropolitics, left one of the most famous maxims in this regard:\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e “He who rules low orbit commands the space near Earth.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e He who rules the space around Earth rules Terra (Earth).\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e “Whoever rules Terra determines the fate of humanity.”\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cb\u003eThe space industry is expected to generate 648 trillion won in revenue in 2022, and by 2050, there will be 50,000 satellites in space.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eThe space industry generated $450 billion in revenue in 2022, and is projected to generate over $1 trillion by 2040, according to Morgan Stanley. The GPS satellite navigation system has provided a $1.4 trillion boost to the U.S. economy, with most of that growth occurring over the past decade.\u003cbr\u003e Also, more than 80 countries have launched satellites, and it is expected that at least 50,000 satellites will be in orbit by 2050. China plans to launch at least 1,000 satellites in the next 10 years, and by 2028, the United States is expected to have 100 early warning satellites to act as a defense against hypersonic missiles.\u003cbr\u003e If there is a problem with the satellite, a major industrial country like the UK will suffer a loss of about 2 trillion won per day.\u003cbr\u003e This dependence on space makes us perceive space as an important “geographical place.”\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eThe First Space War takes place amidst tensions in the Asia-Pacific region.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e For at least the next decade, wars in space will largely be linked to wars on Earth.\u003cbr\u003e In the short term, experts predict that a space war is most likely to stem from tensions in the Asia-Pacific region, including China, Taiwan, India, Japan, and the United States.\u003cbr\u003e Chapter 9 of this book presents a hypothetical space war scenario related to this.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cb\u003eEach country is engaged in a fierce battle over the geography of space.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e To properly respond to the coming “Space Age,” we must understand space in its historical, political, military, and economic context.\u003cbr\u003e Therefore, this book examines the space capabilities of 15 major countries along these lines.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e China wants to become a technological leader rather than boasting as a winner in the space race.\u003cbr\u003e ㆍRussia's heyday is already over, both on land and in space. \u003cbr\u003eThe United States wants to be a space policeman, but it also has to compete with China for hegemony in space.\u003cbr\u003e ㆍBritain may be a military power on land, but it lags far behind in space.\u003cbr\u003e France, which does not want to rely on the US nuclear umbrella\u003cbr\u003e The United Arab Emirates, an emerging space power\u003cbr\u003e Australia relies on other countries' satellites for weather forecasts.\u003cbr\u003e ㆍIndia became the first country in human history to land on the moon's south pole\u003cbr\u003e ㆍKorea has joined the ranks of space nations, but still has limitations.\u003cbr\u003e North Korea successfully test-flights solid-fuel ICBMs\u003cbr\u003e Iran seeks to prevent its adversaries from gaining superiority in space.\u003cbr\u003e Israel launches satellites in the opposite direction to most countries\u003cbr\u003e ㆍAfrica, a large continent without a single launch facility\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cb\u003eChina wants to be a technological leader rather than a winner.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e China, the fastest-growing of the Big Three space powers, has outstanding space-related capabilities. \u003cbr\u003eXi Jinping stressed that “the dream of space is part of the dream of making China stronger.”\u003cbr\u003e China became the fifth country to place a satellite in orbit in 1970, the third to send humans into space in 2003, and the first to land on the far side of the moon in 2019.\u003cbr\u003e It is also the only country in the world that currently has its own space station (Tiangong).\u003cbr\u003e As Western rockets grow larger and fly farther, Beijing becomes more alarmed that they could be weaponized and used against China.\u003cbr\u003e Therefore, China's space program is more \"militarized\" than that of any other country.\u003cbr\u003e Accordingly, we are attempting to modernize through a “techno-nationalist” approach.\u003cbr\u003e Moreover, China has the financial resources, infrastructure, and technological prowess to form a two-tier power in space with the United States.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eIf we don't own the moon, the opportunity will go to someone else.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The United States won the space race with the Soviet Union during the Cold War.\u003cbr\u003e But since then, America's interest in space has waned.\u003cbr\u003e Then, in the 21st century, we want to return to the moon again.\u003cbr\u003e The biggest difference from the Cold War is that this time we are going to the moon to “stay.”\u003cbr\u003e The U.S. Space Shuttle had a fatal accident rate of \"one in every 67 flights.\" NASA claimed it could launch the shuttle once a month, but in reality, launching more than once every three months was difficult and costly.\u003cbr\u003e While many countries recognize spaceflight as a national issue, Americans believe that private industry should take the lead and that they are better prepared for spaceflight. \u003cbr\u003eCertainly, American companies such as SpaceX and Blue Origin are ahead of the curve, and through partnerships with NASA, they are reducing spaceflight costs and conducting various space developments.\u003cbr\u003e The United States believes China poses a “serious threat” to its space supremacy.\u003cbr\u003e As on Earth, the United States wants to play the role of policeman in space, but there too it faces a competition for hegemony with China.\u003cbr\u003e In military terms, the United States is currently clearly ahead of China.\u003cbr\u003e However, the United States is feeling a sense of crisis, saying, “China could overtake the United States by 2030.”\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cb\u003eRussia's heyday is over, both on land and in space.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Russia's space capabilities, once so formidable that they sent the first humans into space and competed with the United States in a space race during the Cold War, are showing signs of decline. \u003cbr\u003eEven though the space industry is expanding at a faster rate than it has in decades, Russia remains left out of most partnerships, investments, and expertise.\u003cbr\u003e It was also losing market share in competition such as rocket engine sales, satellite launch services, and transporting astronauts to the International Space Station.\u003cbr\u003e This is also a self-inflicted problem.\u003cbr\u003e Russia has ambitions, but it lacks the funding, equipment, and expertise needed to compete with the U.S. and Chinese space programs.\u003cbr\u003e Even in its relationship with China, Russia is more desperate.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cb\u003eSpace advancements by countries in Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and Africa\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e While China, the United States, and Russia are the three major space powers, many other countries are also striving to increase their presence.\u003cbr\u003e New technologies have made it easier for more and more countries, including developing countries, to access opportunities. \u003cbr\u003eMore than 80 countries have launched satellites, with the help of 11 countries that have (or had) the capability to launch rockets.\u003cbr\u003e However, due to cost and infrastructure issues, most countries cannot launch rockets independently.\u003cbr\u003e Britain still relies on the United States for military satellite imagery, and in return the National Security Agency uses British facilities.\u003cbr\u003e Britain may be one of Europe's military powers alongside France, but when it comes to space, it lags far behind Japan, France, the United Arab Emirates, and others.\u003cbr\u003e Australia has no means of protecting its few satellites from potential Chinese attack.\u003cbr\u003e Their territory may be vast, but their space capabilities are meager. \u003cbr\u003eBecause they do not have their own satellite systems, they rely on data from satellites provided by Japan, China, the European Space Agency, the United States, and others for weather forecasts and monitoring of natural disasters ranging from volcanic activity to forest fires.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u0026lt;Korea\u0026gt; joined the ranks of space nations by sending a lunar probe (Danuri) in 2022 using its outstanding technological prowess, but the fact that the spacecraft was sent into space aboard a SpaceX rocket launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in the United States exposed Korea's limitations.\u003cbr\u003e North Korea announced that it had successfully conducted its first test flight of a solid-fuel ICBM in 2023.\u003cbr\u003e Solid-fuel ICBMs are more maneuverable than missiles that use liquid propellants because they use fuel already mounted on the fuselage.\u003cbr\u003e It is also easier to conceal and can be prepared for launch in just minutes. \u003cbr\u003eThis suggests that North Korea could directly strike other countries' satellites with missiles.\u003cbr\u003e India became the first country to land on the lunar south pole in 2023.\u003cbr\u003e The driving force behind India's space program stems from its desire not to lag behind its archrival, China, in military power.\u003cbr\u003e They know that China's expertise in space military operations will benefit Pakistan, China's ally and India's arch-enemy.\u003cbr\u003e The United Arab Emirates, a rising space power in the Middle East, has entered space development as part of a broader economic diversification effort to shift away from its reliance on oil and gas.\u003cbr\u003e When the probe entered Mars' orbit in 2021, it became the fifth country in history to reach the Red Planet, following the United States, the Soviet Union, the European Space Agency, and India. \u003cbr\u003eBut allowing Chinese companies to enter its space industry is causing anxiety among Western allies.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cb\u003eThe universe is now a rough and rugged place, virtually a lawless zone.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Space is humanity's last frontier and is currently a virtual lawless zone.\u003cbr\u003e The notion that space is a “global commons” is now fading.\u003cbr\u003e The situation is very precarious right now.\u003cbr\u003e We need to establish new rules and apply them to the universe.\u003cbr\u003e There are 8 billion reasons why this should be done.\u003cbr\u003e Every human being on Earth should be concerned with the rule-based order of the universe and global cooperation in the universe.\u003cbr\u003e Without such interest, we would end up fighting fiercely over the geography of the universe, just as we did over the geography of the Earth. \u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003ccenter\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd style=\"height:10px\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\u003c\/tr\u003e\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\n\u003ccenter\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd style=\"height:10px\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\u003c\/tr\u003e\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv style=\"width:95%;padding-top:20px;padding-bottom:20px\"\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align:left;font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;padding-bottom:20px\"\u003e GOODS SPECIFICS \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align:left;font-size:14px;line-height:1.6em;\"\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv style=\"width:100%;margin-bottom:5px;line-height:1.6em;font-size:14px\"\u003e - \u003cstrong\u003eDate of issue:\u003c\/strong\u003e April 20, 2025\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n \u003cdiv style=\"width:100%;margin-bottom:5px;line-height:1.6em;font-size:14px\"\u003e- \u003cstrong\u003ePage count, weight, size:\u003c\/strong\u003e 346 pages | 486g | 153*225*21mm\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv style=\"width:100%;margin-bottom:5px;line-height:1.6em;font-size:14px\"\u003e - \u003cstrong\u003eISBN13:\u003c\/strong\u003e 9788993178326\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv style=\"width:100%;margin-bottom:5px;line-height:1.6em;font-size:14px\"\u003e - \u003cstrong\u003eISBN10:\u003c\/strong\u003e 8993178321 \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003ccenter\u003e\n\n\u003ccenter\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd style=\"height:10px\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\u003c\/tr\u003e\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\n\u003ccenter\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd style=\"height:10px\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\u003c\/tr\u003e\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\n\u003cspan\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\n\u003c\/center\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/center\u003e","brand":"LIBRAIRIE COREENNE","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":43894514679850,"sku":"112228","price":28.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0683\/2750\/5962\/files\/d76c168e1c722c4c93ecd2ae629cfd0f.jpg?v=1765436720","url":"https:\/\/librairie.coreenne.fr\/en\/products\/112228","provider":"LIBRAIRIE COREENNE","version":"1.0","type":"link"}