1.
General Theory _17

1.1 Understanding Adults ······················ 1 9
1.
Characteristics of Adolescence _19
2.
Characteristics of adulthood _20
3.
Characteristics of mid-adulthood _20
4.
Characteristics of Old Age _22
1.2 Fluid and Electrolyte Balance ··············· 2 2
1.
Distribution and Function of Body Fluids _22
2.
Electrolyte _24
3.
Internal regulation of body fluids and electrolytes _24
4.
Movement of fluids and electrolytes _26
5.
Water imbalance _27
6.
Electrolyte imbalance _33
1.3 Acid-Base Balance ·································· 4 0
1.
Acid-Base Regulatory System _40
2.
Acid-Base Compensation _41
3.
Normal ABGA _41
4.
Acidosis _42
5.
Alkalosis _43
1.4 Immune Response and Nursing ·················· 4 4
1.
Inflammation _44
2.
Nursing a Patient with Acute Inflammation _46
3.
Glossary _46
4.
Immune Cells _47
5.
Immune Substance _48
6.
Types of Immunity _49
7.
Types of acquired specific immunity _50
8.
Immunodeficiency _50
9.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Diseases _51
10.
Hypersensitivity _54
11.
Autoimmune Disease _59
12.
Organ Transplant _62
1.5 Pain Nursing ························ 6 4
1.
Understanding Pain _64
2.
Types of Pain _65
3.
Pain Assessment _65
4.
Pain Management with Drugs _67
5.
Pain Management Using Non-Drug Methods _70
1.6 Oncology Nursing ························ 7 2
1.
Definition of Cancer _72
2.
Causes of Cancer_73
3.
Epidemiology of Cancer _73
4.
Classification and Stages of Neoplasms _74
5.
Symptoms of Cancer _76
6.
Diagnosis of Cancer _77
7.
Cancer Treatment _79
8.
Cancer Prevention and Early Detection _85
1.7 Surgical Nursing ·························· 8 7
1.
Preoperative Nursing _87
2.
Nursing before surgery _893.
Preoperative Nursing _92
4.
Intraoperative Nursing _94
3.
Preoperative Nursing _92
5.
Anesthesia Nursing _97
6.
Recovery Room Nursing _103
7.
Postoperative Care _104
8.
Postoperative Complications_105
1.8 Shock Nursing ···································· 1 0 9
1.
Definition _109
2.
Type _110
3.
Pathophysiology _111
4.
Common Symptoms of Shock Patients _111
5.
Nursing Intervention _113
6.
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome _115
1.9 Emergency Nursing ························ 1 1 6
1.
Classification of Emergency Patients _116
2.
Emergency Management Priorities _117
3.
On-site First Aid _118
4.
CPR _120
5.
Addiction _123
6.
Heat-Related Emergencies _124
1.10 Elderly Care ······················· 1 2 6
1.
Health Assessment of the Elderly _126
2.
Changes in Old Age _127
1.11 Rehabilitation Nursing ······················ 1 3 5
1.
Justice _135
2.
Principles of Rehabilitation Nursing _135
3.
The Purpose of Rehabilitation Nursing _135
4.
Rehabilitation Process _135
5.
Rehabilitation Nursing Model _136
6.
Rehabilitation Nursing Practice _136
1.12 Hospice Care ················································ 1 4 6
1.
Definition _146
2.
Nursing Approaches to the End-of-Life Patient _148
3.
Grief from Bereavement _149
4.
Special knowledge and skills required by nurses _150

02 Respiratory System _167

2.1 Structure and Function of the Respiratory System ···················· 1 6 9
1.
Upper respiratory tract _170
2.
Doing it _171
3.
Lungs and Rib Cage _172
4.
Ventilation _173
2.2 Respiratory System Function Assessment ············ 1 7 6
1.
Health _176
2.
Physical Examination _177
3.
Diagnostic Test _181
2.3 Nursing care for patients with respiratory disorders ············ 1 8 9
1.
Shortness of breath _189
2.
Maintaining Cleanliness of the Airway _191
3.
Ventilation Enhancement _195
4.
Oxygen Therapy _198
5.
Sealed thoracic drainage _201
2.4 Upper respiratory tract diseases ·················· 2 0 4
1.
Cold _204
2.
Rhinitis _205
3.
Sinusitis _206
4.
Pharyngitis, tonsillitis, laryngitis _208
5.
Epistaxis _209
6.
Fibula Fracture _210
7.
Septal Deviation _211
8.
Non-polyps _211
2.5 Lower respiratory tract diseases ································ 2 1 2
1.
Acute Bronchitis _212
2.
Pneumonia _213
3.
Tuberculosis _215
4.
Lung abscess _219
5.
Weapon _220
2.6 Obstructive respiratory disease······················ 2 2 1
1.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease _221
2.
Bronchiectasis _227
3.
Asthma _228
4.
Cystic Fibrosis _233
5.
Pneumoconiosis _234
6.
Comparison of Obstructive and Suppressive Lung Diseases _234
2.7 Respiratory Neoplasms ··························· 2 3 5
1.
Laryngeal cancer _235
2.
Lung Cancer _238
2.8 Thoracic Surgery ···················· 2 4 2
1.
Types of Surgery _242
2.
Preoperative Examination and Preparation _242
3.
Postoperative Care _242
2.9 Thoracic Trauma and Pleural Disease ················· 2 4 4
1.
Rib Fracture _244
2.
Yeongayang Rib Cage _245
3.
Pneumothorax _246
4.
Hemothorax _247
5.
Empyema _248
6.
Wet and Dry Pleurisy _249
2.10 Pulmonary Vascular Disorders and Respiratory Failure ······················· 2 5 0
1.
Pulmonary embolism _250
2.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome _252
3.
Respiratory failure _254

03 Cardiovascular System _271

3.1 Structure and Function of the Heart ······················· 2 7 3
1.
Structure _273
2.
Conductivity _277
3.2 Cardiovascular Function Assessment ····················· 2 8 0
1.
Main Symptoms _280
2.
Past History _282
3.
Physical Examination _283
4.
Diagnostic Test _285
3.3 Arrhythmia ·························· 292
1.
Sinus node dysfunction _292
2.
Arrhythmias Arising from the Atrium _295
3.
Atrioventricular junctional arrhythmia _299
4.
Junctional conduction disorder _300
5.
Arrhythmias arising from the ventricles _303
6.
Ventricular conduction disorders _306
7.
Nursing Intervention _307
8.
Electrical Intervention of Arrhythmias _308
9.
Artificial pacemaker _310
10.
CPR _312
3.4 Ischemic heart disease ··············· 3 1 3
1.
Definition _313
2.
Cause _314
3.
Type _314
4.
Heart Disease Prevention _324
3.5 Heart failure ·························· 325
1.
Definition _325
2.
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure _326
3.
Types of Heart Failure _327
4.
Diagnosis _328
5.
Treatment and Intervention _329
6.
Complications _332
7.
Nursing Intervention _332
3.6 Acute pulmonary edema ······································ 3 3 4
1.
Cause _334
2.
Pathophysiology _334
3.
Treatment and Nursing Interventions _335
3.7 Inflammatory heart disease ··························· 3 3 6
1.
Rheumatic Heart Disease _336
2.
Infective endocarditis _337
3.
Pericarditis _339
4.
Myocarditis _340
5.
Cardiac Tamponade _341
3.8 Heart valve disease ································· 3 4 2
1.
Mitral Valve Disease _342
2.
Aortic valve disease _342
3.
Diagnosis _344
4.
Treatment and Nursing _344
5.
Surgical Treatment _345
3.9 Cardiomyopathy ······················ 3 4 7
1.
Dilated cardiomyopathy _347
2.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy _347
3.
Restrictive cardiomyopathy _348
3.10 Hypertension ························ 3 4 8
1.
Definition _348
2.
Category _349
3.
Primary Hypertension _349
4.
Treatment and Nursing Interventions _351
3.11 Vascular Diseases ···················· 3 5 4
1.
Vascular Structure and Function _354
2.
Arterial Disease _355
3.
Venous Disease _361
4.
Lymphedema _366
5.
Nursing Interventions for Patients with Vascular Diseases _367

04 Blood System _381

4.1 Structure and Function of the Blood System·················· 3 8 3
1.
Blood Composition _383
3.
Physical Properties and Capacity _388
2.
Bone marrow, liver, spleen _387
4.
Function _388
5.
Blood Coagulation Process _389
7.
Anticoagulants _391
6.
Antiplatelet agents _391
8.
Fibrinolytic Agent _392
4.2 Blood System Function Assessment ··························· 3 9 2
1.
Physical Examination _392
2.
Diagnostic Test _394
4.3 General nursing care for patients with hematological disorders ·················· 3 9 6
1.
Transfusion Nursing _396
2.
Bleeding Prevention _398
3.
Infection Prevention _399
4.
Fatigue Prevention _400
5.
Nutrition Maintenance _400
4.4 Red Blood Cell Disorders ··································· 4 0 0
1.
Anemia _400
2.
Polycythemia _408
4.5 Leukocyte Disorders ······································· 4 1 0
1.
Leukemia _410
2.
Neutropenia _411
4.6 Hematopoietic Disorders ····················· 4 1 2
1.
Multiple myeloma _412
2.
Lymphoma _414
3.
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation _415
4.7 Platelet · Bleeding · Coagulation Disorders ··············· 4 1 7
1.
Platelet Disorders _417
2.
Hemophilia _419
3.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation _420
4.
Hypoprothrombinemia _421

＊ INDEX ························ 4 3 4

preface

We send our encouragement to prospective nurses across the country preparing for the 66th National Nurses' Examination.


For those of you who are simultaneously studying extensively and completing 1,000 hours of hospital practice in preparation for midterms, finals, and the national exam, we have compiled the "Pacific Nurse National Exam Preparation Concept Book" with the intention of helping you prepare more efficiently.

The difficulty level of the 2025 National Nursing Examination is intermediate to high, and the questions are designed to not deviate significantly from the framework of previous national exams. However, questions were also asked about concepts that had been on national exams in the past but have not appeared recently, as well as minor concepts that were not covered in previous exams.
Of course, these concepts are not so important as to determine whether you pass or fail the exam. Therefore, if you study through the "Pacific Nursing National Exam Concept Book," which contains all the previous exam questions and many of the necessary concepts, you will be able to sufficiently learn the concepts that will appear on the national exam.

"Pacific Nursing National Exam Preparation Concept Book" analyzes the latest exam trends, adds newly tested concepts, and organizes and summarizes frequently appearing concepts for easy understanding.
Furthermore, it is a comprehensive concept book that includes memorization tips and in-depth content for concepts that are easily confused or misunderstood.
Throughout the concept explanations, we have included TIP boxes and true/false quizzes to help you master the content that frequently appears in past exams and that you need to know clearly.
Additionally, at the end of each chapter, we have summarized the key content to ensure that you are fully familiar with frequently-used and important concepts.

The 2026 National Nursing Exam Preparation Concept Book, "Pacific Nursing Exam Preparation Concept Book," is a highly complete concept book that combines the latest trends in nursing exam questions with nursing theories and concepts accumulated over 20 years.
Because this is a concept book with extensive content, we have organized the table of contents in detail so that you can see the overall content development by subject at a glance and refer to it when needed.
We have revised and supplemented laws and policies that will be revised and implemented in 2025 to match the effective date. We have also made every effort to include diverse theories and concepts by referencing the latest revised textbooks and literature to additionally describe any new or changed concepts, even if they are minor, in the concept books for each subject.

As the national exam approaches, I deeply sympathize with your growing anxiety and impatience, and your fear that the questions will be different from those in previous exams or that they will be of a higher difficulty.
Even so, I hope you will trust in yourselves that you will be able to build a solid foundation with Pacific.
In preparation for the 2026 National Nurse Exam, thoroughly study the latest trends and concepts through the 『Pacific Nurse Exam Preparation Concept Book』, apply those concepts to the problems in the 『Pacific Nurse Exam Preparation Problem Book』 to acquire problem-solving skills and a sense of reality, and then use the 『Cheon-gi-nuseol』 mini book to review any concepts you missed. If you do so, you will be able to pour out the skills you have built up so far on the National Nurse Exam without regret.
Pacific sincerely wishes you success and success.

Pacific Academic Compilation Bureau, March 2025