1 Introduction / 1

1.
Introduction and definition of pathology 1
2.
History of Pathology 2
3.
Development of diseases 3
4.
Cell Structures 6
5.
Pathological examination for diagnosis 9

2 Cellular injury and adaptation / 13

Ⅰ.
Cellular injury 13

1.
Definition of Cell Damage 13
2.
Causes of Cell Damage 14
3.
General characteristics and morphological changes of cell damage 15
4.
Mechanism of Cell Damage 17
5.
Classification of cell damages 26
6.
Intracellular accumulation 37

II.
Cell adaptation 46

1.
atrophy 46
2.
hypertrophy 49
3.
Hyperplasia 50
4.
Metaplasia 52
5.
Dysplasia 53
6.
Aging 55

3 Inflammation / 57

1.
Definition of inflammation 57
2.
Causes of inflammation 58
3.
Signs of inflammation 59
4.
Cells associated with inflammation 59
5.
Patterns of inflammation 65
6.
Chemical mediators of inflammation 82
7.
Morphological aspect of inflammation 87
8.
Special types of inflammation 91
9.
Systemic effects of inflammation 93

4 Repair and Regeneration / 95

1.
Repair 95
2.
Regeneration 99
3.
Mechanism of Repair 108
4.
Causes of Defects in Wound Healing 116

5 Circulatory disturbance / 119

I.
Circulative disturbance of fluid 119

1.
Edema 119
2.
Dehydration 126

II.
Circulative disturbance of blood 127

1.
Hyperemia and congestion 127
2.
Thrombus and thrombosis 132
3.
Hemorrhage 139
4.
ischemia 141
5.
Embolus and embolism 142
6.
Infarction 146
7.
Shock 151
8.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation 154

III.
Circulative disturbance of lymph 156

6 Tumors (Neoplasms) / 157

1.
Genesis and Definition of Tumor 157
2.
Occurrence frequency of caner 158
3.
Classifications and Nomenclatures of Tumors 163
4.
Morphological changes and phenotypic differentiation of tumor cells 169
5.
Characteristics of tumor 173
6.
Changes in the structure and function of cancer cells 181
7.
Oncogenesis and etiology 182
8.
Host effects by tumors 191
9.
Classification and Characteristics of Tumors 194
10.
Clinical Reviews of Cancers 201

7 Immune diseases / 203

1.
Introduction to Immune Reaction (Allergy) 203
2.
Immune reaction associated diseases 209
3.
Autoimmune disease 225
4.
Systemic autoimmune diseases 226
5.
Immunodeficiency 235
6.
Amyloidosis (hereditary disease) 239

8 Congenital or infant and child diseases / 245

1.
Congenital diseases 245
2.
Newborns and children 274

9 Environmental and Nutritional Diseases / 283

1.
Environmental diseases 283
2.
Nutritional diseases 298

10 General Pathology of Infectious Diseases / 305

1.
Categories of infectious agents 305
2.
Histological changes after infections 307
3.
Pathogenesis of infectious diseases 313
4.
Summary of diseases caused by infectious agents 320

11 Diseases of hematopoietic tissues and lymphatic organs / 327

I.
Diseases of hematopoietic tissues 327

1.
hematopoietic diseases 327
2.
Classification of anemias 334
3.
Abnormalities of white blood cells 343
4.
hemorrhagic diathesis 352

II.
Diseases of lymphatic organs 355

1.
Inflammation of lymph nodes 355
2.
malignant tumor 358
3.
histocytic tumors 370
4.
Splenic diseases 371
5.
Thymic diseases 374

12 Respiratory diseases / 377

1.
Diseases of the upper respiratory tract 378
2.
Pulmonary diseases 383
3.
pleura diseases 412
4.
Mediastinal tumors 414
5.
Sampling for the Diagnosis of Lung Diseases 415

13 Gastrointestinal diseases / 417

1.
Gastrointestinal structures 417
2.
Oral diseases 417
3.
Diseases of the salivary gland 422
4.
esophageal diseases 425
5.
Stomach diseases 429
6.
Intestinal diseases 441
7.
peritoneum diseases 459

14 Hepatobiliary and pancreatic diseases / 461

Ⅰ.
Liver diseases 461

1.
Normal structure of the liver 461
2.
Pathological structure of the liver 464
3.
Liver cirrhosis 481
4.
Tumor of the liver 490

II.
Biliary tract diseases 494

1.
Congenital malformation of the biliary tract 494
2.
cholelithiasis 495
3.
cholecystitis 496
4.
Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) 497
5.
Tumors of the extrahepatic biliary tract 498

III.
Pancreas diseases 499

1.
Congenital disease 499
2.
inflammatory disease 500
3.
Tumor 504

15 Diseases of the Urinary System and Male Reproductive System / 509

1.
Renal diseases 509
2.
Lower urinary tract (bladder diseases) 549
3.
Male reproductive diseases 556

16 Diseases of female sexual organs and mammary glands / 571

I.
Disorders of the female reproductive system 571

1.
Development of the female reproductive system 572
2.
vulva 572
3.
vagina 575
4.
Cervical diseases 575
5.
uterus 581
6.
Tumor-like lesions of the uterus 583
7.
Pregnancy and Placenta 586
8.
Fallopian tube diseases 593
9.
ovary 594

II.
breast 604

1.
Mammary gland diseases 604

17 Diseases of the Endocrine System / 611

1.
Endocrine disorders 611
2.
Hypothalamus and pituitary gland 613
3.
thyroid gland 621
4.
Parathyroid gland 631
5.
adrenal cortex 636
6.
adrenal medulla 642
7.
Pancreatic islets 644
8.
Neuroendocrine cell (Amine Precursors Uptake and Decar-boxylase cell) 650

18 Integumentary diseases / 653

1.
Normal structures of the skin 653
2.
Skin lesion 655
3.
Pathological findings 656
4.
Immune diseases of the skin 659
5.
Vesicular diseases 660
6.
Hereditary diseases 663
7.
Idiopathic skin diseases 665
8.
Skin cysts 669
9.
Skin tumors 670
10.
Non-epithelial tumors of the dermis 679
11.
malignant lymphoma 681
12.
Mast cell diseases 682

19 Musculoskeletal diseases / 683

1.
Bone disease 683
2.
Articular diseases 700
3.
Diseases of skeletal muscle and chorda tendineae 710

20 Diseases of Nervous Systems / 719

1.
Circulatory disturbance of the brain 719
2.
Increased intracranial pressure 727
3.
Traumatic diseases of the brain 730
4.
hemorrhage of intracranial cavity 733
5.
Infectious diseases of the nervous systems 733
6.
demyelinating diseases 736
7.
Neurodegenerative diseases 737
8.
Nutrient-deficiency diseases 742
9.
Metabolic disturbance diseases 743
10.
poisoning diseases 743
11.
brain tumors 744
12.
Congenital abnormality 753
13.
Peripheral nerves 754

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