1 Introduction: Foundations of Evolution and Biology 2

Unit 1 Chemistry and Cells 21

2 Chemical Properties of Living Things 22
3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 44
Journey to Cell 4 74
Transport and Cellular Signaling Through the Five Membranes 104
6 Introduction to Metabolism 127
7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation 147
8 Photosynthesis 168
9 Cell Cycle 190

Unit 2 Genetics 208

10 Meiosis and the Reproductive Cycle 209
11 Mendel and the Concept of Genes 223
12 Chromosome-based inheritance 246
13 The Molecular Basis of Heredity 264
14 Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein 290
15 Gene Expression Regulation 316
16 Development, Stem Cells, Cancer 336
17 Virus 358
18 Genomes and Their Evolution 376

Chapter 3 Evolution 398

19 Altered Lineage (Inheritance with Change) 399
20 Phylogeny 416
21 Evolution of Groups 435
The Origin of 22 Species 457
23 Key Aspects of Evolution 477

Unit 4: The History of Life's Evolution 499

24 Early Life and Prokaryotic Diversity 500
25 Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes 524
26 Migration to land (settlement) 548
27 Increase in animal diversity 574

Unit 5: Form and Function of Plants 608

28 Structure and Growth of Vascular Plants 609
29 Nutrient Supply, Nutrition, and Transport in Vascular Plants 627
30 Reproduction and localization of flowering plants 654
31 Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals 674

Unit 6: Animal Form and Function 698

32 The Internal Environment of Animals: Structure and Regulation 699
33 Animal Nutrition 725
34 Circulatory System and Gas Exchange 744
35 Immune System 771
36 Reproduction and Development 790
37 Neurons, Synapses, and Neurotransmission 812
38 Nervous and Sensory Systems 830
39 Movement Mechanisms and Behaviors 854

Unit 7 Ecology 879

40 Population Ecology and Individual Distribution 880
41 Ecological communities 908
42 Ecosystems and Energy 928
43 Conservation Biology and Earth's Change 950

Appendix A Answer A-1
Search I-1