introduction

Chapter 1: Transmission in the same way

Scribes and judges
The Scribe and the House of Life
Pariah and Brahmin
Brush and School
Transmission of the Law
School and educator
Scholars and pedants
Druid and Bard

Chapter 2 When Monotheism Completely Controlled Education

Rabbis and the Talmud
Educated in the Empire, Fighting the Empire
In China, where atheistic education was practiced to serve the emperor
Persia, where the tradition of Gatas was being passed down
Europe: The Church Takes Control of Education
Charlemagne, the Court School, and the "Double School"
The Eastern Roman Empire: The First University in Christendom
The Islamic World: Dual Knowledge
Flanders and Veneto: Citizen Schools Against Monastic Schools
Other European regions until the 14th century: parochial and episcopal schools still used in cities.
Western Europe's first college and university
Family and occupational transmission in Europe
Bishop's School Open to Students Other Than Future Clergy
Meanwhile, education for the emperor was carried out in China.

Chapter 3: Printing, Reformation, and Ambition

china
Printing, the Reformation, and the Transmission of Knowledge
In Germany, Luther, who made people read the Bible, destroyed the church.
From the Netherlands to the Dutch Republic: The First Literacy for the Masses
Sweden: The second country to achieve universal literacy, whether voluntarily or involuntarily.
Saxe-Gotha, the first absolutely compulsory education plan
Britain: From Erasmus to Locke: A Careful and Practical Education
Venice in Decline, Bologna in Resistance
Jesuit Education: Excellence in Faith
France, from Rabelais to Montaigne: Schools Fail to Escape Church Control
Adeok School: Educating Poor Students a Little Better
Some unique educational examples
America: Evangelism and Colonization
Islamic Regions: Rejecting Printing and Knowledge

Chapter 4: The Ideal of Education Against the Obligation to Transmit

China and Islam: A Rigid Universe
The Netherlands: A country that achieved remarkable economic success without universal education.
UK: Schools that don't exist except for the purpose of transferring power
Prussia: Schools used for the state, such as the army and the church.
Russia: The important thing is that no one educates
France: Religious education has declined somewhat, but religion still controls education.
Horizontal Changes: Books and Newspapers
British Colonies: From the American Revolution to India
France, the first utopia: schools for citizens

Chapter 5: Transmitting the Demands of Capital

UK: Educate poor students, but don't overeducate them.
America: A School for Building a Nation
Prussia: A School of Violent Obedience
France: A Long Struggle to Eliminate Church Influence in Schools
Algeria and other French colonies: enslavement without education
Russia: Deliberate Backwardness
Other European countries: Developing in a similar direction
The Ottoman Empire and the Islamic World: The Delay Repeats
India: Everything was prepared for imperial rule, but nothing was left for the Indians.
Mexico: The first secular education system in the Americas
Brazil: Baby Steps
Argentina: The Italy of the Americas
China: A 2,000-Year-Old System Faces Death
Japan: Totalitarian Westernization

Chapter 6: The Beginning of Education for All, the Best and the Worst

America: Mass production education, excluding education for the rich
UK: Education for all, but to each at home
France, the endless war of separation of church and state
Germany: A Tragic Story of Recovery
Switzerland: A multilingual country with many of the world's best universities.
Spain: Caught up at lightning speed, but with poor results
Italy: A much-overdue reform
Finland: A World-Leading Education System Built on Collaboration
Sweden: How They Ruined Their Education System in 20 Years
Canada: One of the world's best education systems, fully decentralized.
Estonia: The country where parents' social status has the least impact on their children's academic performance.
The European Union: Several Attempts at Harmonization
Singapore: One of the world's most competitive and best education systems
Korea: A ruthless competition that produces both excellent results and many tragedies.
Japan: The most competitive system in a country where children will soon disappear
China: Everything for the Empire and the Emperor
Israel: A Complex System
Russia, Soviet Union, Russia: From one disaster to another
India: An absolute disaster
Pakistan: Abysmal Secular Education
Brazil: Poor Education, Politically Cracked
Mexico: The Fall of a Potentially Successful Nation
Chile: Full privatization
Argentina: The most advanced country in Latin America overall.
Sub-Saharan Africa: An Educational Disaster
Nigeria: The World's Worst Education System
Democratic Republic of the Congo: A Tragedy in a French-Speaking Country
Ethiopia: A Successful African Nation Threatened by Civil War
Saudi Arabia: Recent Developments
Morocco: Excellent, but too far behind to catch up
Algeria: A school system handicapped by its past
Tunisia: A Case Study in a Deteriorating Education System
international organizations
Private Schools: For Profit or for the Poor?
Religious education, especially in Islam
Family inheritance and homeschooling are clearly proven successes.
Education through labor, with its pros and cons
Unabated educational violence
Horizontal Change: The Digital Tsunami
COVID-19: The Disaster of Schoolless Education Nearly Everywhere
A Few Things Neuroscience Teaches Us
The World Now: Some Major Types of Teaching Methods
The overall picture in 2022: A still elitist system that has failed almost everyone.

Chapter 7 The Future: Homo Barbaricus or Homo Hyper Sapiens

Lessons learned from the past
Questions for the future
Transmitting and educating 9 billion people
Scenario One: The Barbarism of Ignorance
Second Scenario: The Savagery of Artifacts
Wishing for the demise of schools
Transmission through digital artifacts
Transmission using neuroprosthetic technology
Transmission through genetic manipulation
Third Scenario: Towards Homo Hyper Sapiens and a Supercollective Consciousness
Learn at every age in life
Weaknesses to eliminate, qualities to encourage
Knowledge to be passed on: New 4
Jobs to prepare for
Pedagogy of the Future
Lifelong education and career guidance that will continue even after economic activity
Bringing New Value to the Classroom: Hybrid Classrooms
Education of Tomorrow
Knowledge transfer as part of the bioeconomy
From Homo hyper sapiens to hyper collective consciousness

conclusion
References
Author's book
Acknowledgements
Search

From ancient times to the present day,
The evolution of education over thousands of years

The transmission of knowledge took place long before the emergence of language.
Our ancestors wanted to pass on to their descendants the knowledge necessary for survival.
The skills of making tools and other things were passed down through examples and imitation, and later, with the emergence of language, stories and knowledge were conveyed through songs.
As settled life began, the first villages arose, and accumulation became possible, accounting became necessary.
For this purpose, counting emerged, and experts in this field trained successors for generations.
After writing was invented in the first empires of Mesopotamia, knowledge was transmitted through clay tablets or papyrus.
Work became more specialized, sons usually took over their fathers' jobs, and daughters' education fell to mothers.

4,000 years ago, the first educational institutions, the ancestors of today's universities, appeared.
It began in Mesopotamia and later appeared in India, Egypt, and China, and developed knowledge such as mathematics, medicine, and philosophy that we know today.
Later, in Greece and Rome, educational institutions were built exclusively for the children of the ruling classes, and philosophy was taught there.
During the first millennium AD, most knowledge was transmitted everywhere through mothers, and even very young children had to be taught work-related knowledge.

In Europe, the teaching methods, philosophies, and scientific disciplines inherited from ancient Greece and Rome began to increasingly conflict with Christian and Islamic doctrines.
As religion took the lead in education, education was only permitted to the clergy.
Because religious leaders had to seize power by enforcing their own defined ethics and by confining the transmission of knowledge to their own priests.
Beginning in the 14th century, schools and universities in Flanders and Venice, which had escaped the control of the Catholic Church, and later in Germany, where printing and the Reformation had arrived, began to teach not only future clergy but also others the knowledge needed to break free from the constraints of the Church.

In the 17th century, a theoretically compulsory system of primary education emerged in the Protestant Netherlands and Sweden.
In the 18th century, as Europe began to gain influence in the world economy and politics, it became necessary to educate more people for activities essential to the functioning of society, and technological advances gave rise to more friendly methods of education and new means of cultural transmission.
The desire for freedom, which emerged with the Reformation, nationalism, and the works of daring writers, created a desire to know more than just the demands of one's profession.
Following this trend, in the late 18th century, Europe and North America gradually realized the utopia of liberating and equal schools for all.


In the 19th century, with its explosive technological advancements, the need to impart new knowledge to young people grew, giving Europe and the United States more incentive to send more children to school.
Although the number of primary schools in Europe was increasing, secondary and tertiary institutions remained primarily for privileged urban youth.
Entering the 20th century, many countries felt the need to establish mass education as a driving force for growth, and various forms of education were initiated.

The past and present of education,
Insights into the future of education

In this way, the transmission of knowledge has continued for a very long time all over the world.
The way knowledge is transmitted has played a crucial role in the development of culture, power relations, ideology, and religion, and those in power in the past have sought to deprive the majority of their citizens of knowledge that threatens their privileges.
The education system sought fairness but was clumsy, and it promoted equity but was not fair.

The situation is getting worse.
Schools have only recently established themselves as centers of knowledge transmission, but today's traditional schools are on the verge of collapse due to population problems and the digital age.
From this future, Atali envisages two scenarios.
The first scenario is that the education system collapses due to funding shortages caused by a rapidly growing population, while the second scenario is that most knowledge is transmitted digitally and then in person.
This second scenario also includes the possibility of directly linking brains and machines, filling them with knowledge and even turning humans into artifacts themselves.

In either of these scenarios, or more likely a combination of the two, schools will soon disappear.
And perhaps, as in the distant past, only the very wealthy will have the right to access quality knowledge.

If we overlook this in the coming future, humanity will struggle to escape the new barbarism created by ignorance and unskilled technology.
However, we are exploring ways to provide educational opportunities to many people for a world in harmony with nature.


If all humans are not educated to build and protect the future, can we truly dream of freedom? Can we preserve nature? Through this book, we will retrace the long history of education, assess the present, and prepare for the future.