Chapter 1.
breathing

01.
breathing
1) Introduction
2) Structure of the respiratory system
3) Respiratory physiology
4) Symptoms and signs of respiratory disease
5) Respiratory diseases

02.
Breathing for vocalization
1) Introduction
2) Respiratory muscles
3) Role of respiratory muscles
4) Basic principles of breathing exercises
5) Muscle changes during breathing
6) Composition of lung pressure
7) Measurement of respiratory muscle pressure

03.
Breathing for Voice Professionals
1) Types of breathing techniques
2) Breathing techniques of vocalists
3) Differences in breathing between men and women
4) Glossary
5) Hiccups and sneezing
6) Respiratory muscle training

Chapter 2.
larynx

01.
Anatomy of the larynx
1) Skeletal system of the larynx
2) Joints of the larynx
3) Muscles of the larynx
4) Nerves of the larynx
5) Elastic structures of larynx
6) Potential space in larynx

02.
Physiology of the larynx
1) Protective function of the lower respiratory tract
2) Respiratory function
3) Phonatory function
4) Fixation of the chest

03.
Diagnosis of larnyx
1) History of the laryngology
2) Types of laryngoscopes
3) Vibratory study

04.
Diseases of the larynx
1) Acute laryngitis
2) Chronic laryngitis
3) Reflux laryngitis
4) Vocal polyp
5) Vocal nodule
6) Reinke's edema
7) Intrachordal cyst
8) Laryngeal granuloma
9) Sulcus vocalis
10) Laryngeal papilloma
11) Hyperkeratosis
12) Vocal cord paralysis
13) Vocal atrophy
14) Unilateral laryngeal paralysis
15) Spasmodic dysphonia

Chapter 3.
vocal cords

01.
Structure of the vocal cords
1) Layered structure of the vocal cords

02.
Elasticity and Viscosity of the Vocal Cords
1) Physical properties of vocal cord tissues

03.
Vocal ligament

04.
Production of glottal sounds
1) Principle of vocal cord vibration
2) Bernoulli effect
3) Fundamental frequency
4) Adjusting the fundamental frequency (adjusting the pitch of the voice)
5) Conditions of vocal cords for a good voice

Chapter 4.
resonance

01.
What is resonance?
1) Resonance with modern medicine
2) Resonance of the vocal tract

02.
The acoustic analysis
1) Source-filter theory
2) Perturbation theory

03.
The resonance of a vocalist
1) The vocalist's resonance
2) Sound intensity and shielding
3) Singer's formant
4) Vocal technique to form a singer's formant

Chapter 5.
Bel canto vocalization

01.
Bel canto
1) History of Bel Canto Vocalization
2) Castrato

02.
Manuel Garcia Ⅱ
1) Garcia's theory of glottal closure
2) Garcia's theory of voice source versus vocal tract
3) Mathilde Marchesi

Chapter 6.
Bel Canto Vocal Technique

01.
Passaggio
1) Differences between male and female Passaggio
2) Why women, unlike men, have less feelings about Passaggio
3) Differences in Passaggio according to the type of surname
4) Changes in the oral cavity and pharynx during Passaggio
5) Changes in vocal cord contact and breathing during Passaggio
6) Passaggio's method

02.
Aggiustamento (Vowel modification)

03.
Appoggia
1) The meaning of Appoggia
2) Appoggia in Bel Canto vocalization
3) Principles of breathing control

04.
L'impostazione della voce
1) L'impostazione della voce
2) Conditions of L'impostazione della voce

05.
Messa di voce
1) What is Messa di voce?
2) Effect of Messa di voce
3) Training method of Messa di voce

06.
La gola aperta (The open throat)

07.
Location of the larynx
1) Controversy over the location of the larynx
2) Position of the larynx in bel canto singing
3) Position of the larynx according to age
4) Phenomenon according to the location of the larynx
5) Phenomenon when the larynx descends
6) Phenomenon when the larynx is raised
7) Function of vocal muscles
8) Changes in resonance depending on the position of the larynx
9) Laryngeal position according to vowel
10) Training method to lower the position of the larynx

08.
Attack
1) Garcia's coup de la glotte theory
2) The debate over the coup de la glotte
3) Coup de la glotte from a modern perspective
4) Voice onset time (VOT)

Chapter 7.
Vocalization theory

01.
Vocal register
1) How to distinguish between verses
2) Types of scriptures
3) Vibration of vocal cords during chest and head voice production
4) Use of falsetto
5) Pitch break phenomenon

02.
Vocal range

03.
Voice classification
1) Seongjong's judgment
2) King Seongjong's judgment method
3) Types of Seongjong
4) Female genitals
5) Male sexuality

04.
Vibrato
1) What is vibrato?
2) Causes of vibrato

05.
Nasal sound
1) Why singers use nasal sounds
2) Nasal
3) Formation of nasal formant
4) Characteristics of the nasal consonant pattern
5) Characteristics of nasal consonants

06.
Lip trill and tongue trill

07.
Voice warm-up
1) Why you need to warm up
2) How to warm up
3) Warm-up and methods for vocalists

08.
Relaxation
1) Causes of tension
2) Methods for relaxation
3) Stage fright
4) Treatment of stage fright

09.
A collection of vocalists
1) Use of corner vowels
2) Identification of vocal group

10.
Five ingredients of physiologically gifted voice

11.
If you record your own voice and listen to it, there are other reasons

12.
Advice to Students Studying Vocal Music
1) Don't rush too much
2) What are the basics of vocalization required for singing?
3) What is my posture?
4) Give up your desire for loud noises!
5) You must choose a song that suits your ability.
6) Practice a little bit at a time, several times, over a set period of time.
7) You must have confidence
8) You must maintain your health.
9) Ask your teacher frequently questions such as, "Why is that?"
10) You must know your physical condition.

Chapter 8.
Voice management

01.
Voice management method
1) Regular voice management

02.
Self-diagnosis method for voice
1) Introduction
2) Methods for self-diagnosis
3) Aging of the voice

03.
Singing therapy for voice disorder
1) Definition of voice therapy
2) Basic requirements to become a voice therapist
3) Voice examination before voice therapy
4) Methods of vocal therapy
5) Functional evaluation before voice treatment
6) Voice treatment sequence
7) Prospects for voice therapy

All disciplines receive basic education and theoretically established step-by-step education, and this educational method is well-organized academically.
No discipline can develop or advance without basic knowledge.
However, because art develops through artistic talent and the improvement of functional abilities through training, it can develop into one's own unique artistic world even though it is less systematic and has many subjective elements compared to other disciplines.
A person with artistic talent can develop into a great artist if he or she perseveres and works hard in the right way.
However, the art of singing is a little different from other musical arts.
The reason is that since the human body is trained as an instrument, training with a vocal method that is not medically correct, a misunderstanding of the characteristics of the human body, or a misunderstanding of vocal function can actually be detrimental, limiting vocal ability and causing vocal diseases.


The vocal knowledge gained through much trial and error has been made more concrete through a medical approach, and many answers regarding its principles and methods have been obtained. I hope to obtain more answers in the future, and in the meantime, I have tried to analyze and describe the principles and methods in this book so that vocal errors that may occur due to subjective misunderstandings or lack of understanding of vocal techniques by vocal music teachers can be reduced.

It has been almost 30 years since I began studying vocal music. I have studied abroad in Italy, taught vocal music for about 13 years in a music college, worked as a researcher and professor at the Institute of Speech-Language Medicine, and am a vocal therapist who treats both the general public and professional vocalists with vocal disorders. Based on this experience and knowledge, I prepared this book to answer questions about vocalization.


I hope that in the future, more vocalists will be able to contribute, even if only a little, to their roles as vocal teachers as well as performers. I also hope that this will be of some help to students studying vocal music. However, I found it difficult to express many vocal techniques in writing.
Also, although the medical content may be somewhat difficult and unfamiliar to vocalists, I hope it will be helpful in organizing the concept of vocalization.
I would like to express my gratitude to Professor Ahn Cheol-min of the Department of Respiratory Medicine at Gangnam Severance Hospital, who provided me with much help in the area of ​​breathing while writing this book. I will continue to strive to write better papers and books on vocalization, even though they are lacking.

November 2007
Author Nam Do-hyeon

There are many methods and variables in acquiring new and advanced methods of diagnosing and treating any disease, but in the fields of 'laryngology' and 'phonemic medicine' that I mainly deal with, it can be said that exchanges and joint research with people from various fields of study (e.g., 'respiratory medicine', 'rehabilitation medicine', 'speech pathology', 'linguistics', 'experimental phonetics', 'acoustic engineering', 'vocal music', 'traditional Korean music', 'criminal investigation', etc.) that deal with the common denominator of 'voice' are very important.
I am grateful to have received assistance from experts in many fields over the past 20 years, and to have personally achieved significant academic progress through discussions, joint research, and academic activities.


Among them, I would like to reveal that the knowledge and skills I gained in the field of 'breathing and vocalization' through exchanges and joint research with vocal music majors were of great help to me as I practice 'laryngology' and 'speech-linguistics'.


I am delighted to be publishing the booklet “Breathing and Vocalization” with Professor Nam Do-hyeon, a vocal music specialist who works with me at the Speech-Language Medicine Research Institute.
Many diseases that cause voice or language disorders are caused by incorrect breathing and vocalization, or the disease often relapses after treatment due to incorrect habits. Therefore, it has been clinically proven countless times that it is very important to normalize patients' incorrect breathing and vocalization in addition to treating the medical lesion.


This book, which covers vocal and medical methodologies for breathing and voice, is hoped to be a valuable reference for those in various fields who seek better voice, patients seeking treatment for vocal problems, and speech therapists, otolaryngologists, and medical students on the front lines of treatment.

November 2007
Author Choi Hong-sik