The French people's philosophy of life!
"The philosophy of your attitude determines your words, actions, and the direction of your life."

★ French Amazon Bestseller for 10 Consecutive Years ★
★ Published in 14 languages ​​worldwide! ★
★ A masterpiece by the world-renowned philosopher Charles Pépin ★

Today, the most beloved philosopher in France, Charles Pépin, has published his masterpiece, “The Philosophy of Attitudes.”
The author, who is considered one of the most translated French philosophers abroad and has gained worldwide popularity for his vivid philosophy based on reality, emphasizes in this book that has changed the lives of 200,000 readers in France alone that the appearance of one's life changes depending on one's attitude toward trials, and shares '16 attitudes toward life for a shaky life'.
Charles Pépin explores the meaning of 'the attitude that revives life' by covering over 20 philosophers of the century, from Seneca to Epictetus, Nietzsche, Sartre, and Freud.
From the Stoic philosophy that knowledge is gained through trials to the existentialist interpretation that life becomes richer with more experiences, it is a philosophy of attitude necessary for a life that is precariously shaky.
As an interesting example of this, we look back on the lives of various people who have achieved remarkable things in their respective fields, including painters, novelists, athletes, singers, scientists, and politicians. We find the reason why they were able to live dazzling lives without being swayed by their surroundings despite countless trials is in their "steadfast attitude of willingness to be shaken."

In a modern society that is strict about trials and failures, "The Philosophy of Attitude" gives readers new hope.
This is why the book has been enthusiastically received by global media outlets such as the French daily Liberation, which praised it as “giving you back control over your life in a society that forces you to keep moving forward,” as well as Harvard Business Review, Daily, and Marie Claire, and has been a French Amazon bestseller for 10 consecutive years.
For readers who want to embrace their imperfect lives and move forward, as Elle's short but powerful recommendation says, "This book will give you a new breath."

At Boston University School of Medicine, when there are too many applicants and their skills are similar, they give priority to applicants who have already experienced failure.
This is because professors prefer students who majored in other fields, realized they made a wrong choice, and then chose medicine again.
Professors believe that students who have made poor career choices grow faster and figure out what they need to do more quickly.
In short, it means knowing yourself better.
Students who change their career path and apply to medical school are less likely to change their career path again, which can reduce the rate of students who quit after a few months, saying that becoming a doctor is not a good fit.
--- “Experience: Life is an experience.
The more you experience, the better you become - Ralph Waldo Emerson

The intuition we feel at first is so crude that it is difficult to uncover the laws of nature.
Intuition can tell us how our minds work, but it cannot tell us how the world works.
Therefore, we can only get closer to the truth if we confirm that our initial intuition is wrong.
Bachelard argues that “we must be able to shake the impure complexes of our initial intuitions.”
What is needed for this is effort and courage.
Errors that have been corrected in this way are like springboards, becoming the driving force that leads to knowledge.
It doesn't end with simply learning quickly.
Corrected errors become the scholar's only way of learning and the path to discovering truth.
A scholar who has never encountered a problem, who has never experienced the failure of his first intuition, will never discover anything later.

--- From "Correction: Only humans learn from failure - Gaston Bachelard"

I grew up hearing from a young age that “you can do anything you want.”
So we mistakenly believe that if we just have the will, we can achieve anything.
But this is a statement that does not know reality.
Reality is not a plaything to be played with for fun.
If you think that everything depends on your own actions, you will only become impatient.
(Omitted) Baruch Spinoza said the following in his Ethics with a Stoic attitude:
“Don’t laugh, don’t cry, just understand.” Humans are so small in the vast universe that they cannot change the order of things.
There is no way to avoid the coming failure.
But we can choose how we endure this ordeal.
You can either shed tears at the unfair fate, or face reality and grow.
--- From "Conformity: The opposite of wisdom is denial of reality - Epictetus"

Darwin did not learn properly about the human body or the truth about God.
From the perspective of essential philosophy, he is simply a failure.
But thanks to that, he gains a previously unimaginable freedom, decides to go on an adventure, and creates a completely different future.
They decided to embark on a long two-year voyage.
The Beagle's voyage began at Woolwich Harbour on the River Thames, sirens blaring.
Darwin realized what he had to do as he observed and made new discoveries about species wherever his ship passed.
It was a new future created by the crossroads of survival.
--- From "Adaptation: Don't try to move the rock, try to climb on the rock - Jean-Paul Sartre"

Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, argues that failure is a trigger for the unconscious to emerge.
According to him, both Darwin and Honda succeeded because they failed to achieve their goals.
Their frustration is a failure if you look at it from the perspective that they didn't achieve their consciously intended results, but it's a success if you look at it from the perspective that they achieved their unconscious desires.
Let's take a slip of the tongue, for example.
Although we may have failed to convey what we originally intended to say through language, we can say that we have succeeded in expressing what was in our unconscious mind.
If we understand it in Freudian terms, failure in action or speech may be the result of a desire hidden deep in the mind being activated or an unconscious strategy being effective.
--- From "Desire: Every Time It Collapses, I Discover Who I Am - Sigmund Freud"

According to Rousseau, unlike humans, animals' appearance and species characteristics are determined within a few months, and so animals are the same 1,000 years from now as they were 1,000 years ago.
Of course, animals sometimes learn something from failure.
The weasel learns how to catch mice without being bitten, and the fox learns which berries cure illness.
But it is very little compared to what animals instinctively know.
And crucially, animals cannot pass on their experiences to future generations.
In the early 20th century, the hypothesis that humans are born 'incomplete' was scientifically proven.
In 1926, Dutch biologist Louis Bolk characterized humans as immature beings and defined this as 'neoteny', meaning 'type maturity (a phenomenon in which immature traits are maintained even after becoming sexually mature as an adult - translator's note)'.
Later, zoologists compared the fetal growth of humans with that of great apes (chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans) and estimated that the human gestation period should be 21 months, not 9.
Moreover, embryologists conclude that it takes 18 months for the cells of a human fetus to fully develop.
Ultimately, the fetus needs to remain in the womb for another 9 to 13 months to fully develop.
Humans are nature's failures, born into the world without having fully grown.
But we rather use this unfinished state as a driving force and spark for progress.
--- From "Deficiency: Man is the only animal that moves forward while hesitating - Henri Bergson"

Descartes found the cause of error in human will, and Kant found it in human reason.
From the perspective of both philosophers, failure is something that comes from failing to be human.
This is completely different from the viewpoint of Lao Tzu, the founder of Taoism in the 6th century BC, who said, “Failure is the foundation of success.”
According to Descartes and Kant, mistakes made in error are something that warrants guilt.
Because it is the result of not being able to properly utilize human abilities and strengths.
In this way, failure becomes essentially an unforgivable mistake.
This perspective blames failure on oneself and makes one think of oneself as a failure.
But Freud warns that identifying with failure is as dangerous as identifying with one's parents or dictators.
--- 「Gaeseong: I have good news.
"Man is not a destination, but a bridge - Friedrich Nietzsche"

Knowing the difference between decision and choice can help you better cope with anxiety when taking risks.
It's natural to feel anxious when making a decision.
But the anxiety at this time does not need to be viewed negatively, as it is a sign that we have the power to influence the world.
Sartre says in Being and Nothingness:
“Anxiety is a reflex reaction of freedom.” When people are no longer able to take action, they do not become pessimistic, they do not become anxious.
But when I have to make difficult decisions, I get anxious.
It is the fear of being a free being.
Nevertheless, we continue to live with new challenges so that our lives are not paralyzed by anxiety.
If you try to make only rational choices, your fear of failure will grow and you will become a rigid person.
But if you live your life with determination, you become more flexible, even if you may wander or become discouraged in the process.
You can accept failure as it is and your fears will subside.
--- "Decision: Embrace happiness.
And approach the danger - from René Char

We are surprised countless times as we go through trials.
I am amazed at my ability to bounce back, and at my power to connect more deeply with others and myself.
And I am surprised to see a new world.
You will discover how powerful the joy of life is and how wonderful the world is.

--- From "Epilogue: In Search of the Spoils of Life"