Originally, the word "information" was virtually synonymous with "knowledge." However, with the emergence of the incomparable genius Claude Shannon (1916–2001, American), the concept of "information" came to encompass the transmission and storage of knowledge. Shannon, a mathematician and electrical engineer from MIT, focused on the idea of ​​"Morse code."
It corresponds the on/off of an electrical signal to 1 and 0.
If data can be represented as a combination of 1s and 0s, easy transmission and storage become possible.
In 1948, immediately after World War II, Shannon published the groundbreaking mathematical paper, “A Mathematical Theory of Communication,” pioneering a new discipline called “information theory.”
The terms 'digital' and 'bit' were coined by Shannon.
--- p.17~18

When 'navigation' first came out, I thought it would be stupid to use it. So, slow adopters (the opposite of early adopters), including myself, used paper maps for a while.
But the interesting thing is that navigation itself is coordinate geometry.
When you enter an address into the navigation system, the navigation system recognizes it as coordinates and finds the destination.
Also, a ‘smartphone’ is, in a word, a ‘coordinate phone’.
We touch a point on our smartphone, but the coordinates of each point are recognized as commands, and the phone performs a task. With the advent of coordinate geometry, we can now predict not only shapes but also changes, or motion.
This is because the position of a point (x, y) moving on a coordinate plane can be expressed only as a function of time t.
--- p.105

Probability theory spread like a virus to other fields of study, collaborating with number theory and calculus, after Soviet mathematics hero Kolmogorov (1903-1987, Russia) published [Axiomatic Theory of Probability] in 1933, which defined probability axiomatically.
Statistics, physics, biology, economics, psychology, and more, we live in a world where nothing can be predicted without probability.
Newton's classical mechanics, which dominated physics until the 19th century, predicted motion using a tool called calculus based on 'determinism'.
However, quantum mechanics, which explains the movement of the microscopic world (atoms, etc.) today, has introduced probability, creating a crack in determinism.
--- p.163

Florence Nightingale (1820-1910, England), known as the 'Angel in White', was born into an upper-class family and became a nurse despite her parents' opposition. During the Crimean War, she worked in a field hospital.
At that time, hospitals were so poor that when wounded people were hospitalized during the war, they died not from their injuries, but from secondary infections caused by hygiene problems.
Nightingale analyzed this statistically and found that the mortality rate among hospitalized patients dropped from 42% to 2%.
At this time, in order to persuade the military leadership who did not understand statistics at all, a [rose diagram] was created, which became a monumental diagram in statistics and developed into the [pie chart] of today.
--- p.173

Inspired by the 'Klein bottle', many mathematicians attempted to flip the sphere inside out without cutting it, and in 1958, Steven Smale (1930-USA) succeeded in flipping the sphere.
However, the condition was that the ball could penetrate its own surface.
If the Klein bottle becomes a reality someday, it will be possible to eat a tangerine without peeling it, perform surgery without bleeding, and if we are ants in a four-dimensional glass bottle called the universe, we will be able to go outside the universe.

--- p.223~224