The World's Easiest Science Lesson: The Physics of Stars
 |
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Book Introduction
From ancient astronomy to Chandrasekhar's theory of star death Into the great paper that explains the physics of the life of a star Let's uncover the mystery of the beauty of the universe and the intersection of physics! The death of a star depends on its mass. A star as light as the Sun becomes a white dwarf, a star heavier than that becomes a neutron star, and the heaviest stars relatively become black holes. Chandrasekhar, an astrophysicist from India, studied white dwarfs primarily among these. He won the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the structure and evolution of stars. This book, the ninth in the series “Learning Science from Original Papers by Nobel Prize Winners,” covers 20th-century research on stars, focusing on Chandrasekhar’s 1931 paper that discovered the equilibrium conditions for the death of stars, especially white dwarfs. To make it easier to understand, I started with the story of the stars that ancient people thought about. We also looked at Newton's law of universal gravitation, the phenomenon of aberration of light, the distance to stars, and the absolute magnitude of stars. He also detailed the Reine-Emden equations, which explain how stars maintain their stable shapes. To this end, we briefly covered thermodynamics and introduced polytropic processes. We also looked into the life cycle of stars through the history of star classification and classification research. In this regard, we covered Lane and Eddington's paper on star theory, Bethe's paper on star birth, and Chandrasekhar's paper on the physics of white dwarfs, a form of star death. The appendix includes the original English texts of these papers and a list of Nobel Prize winners in Physics to aid further exploration and understanding. |
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Recommendation
I hope you can understand the original papers of these genius scientists.
Unraveling the Physics of Star Death: A Surprise Interview with Dr. Genzel
First Encounter | Ancient Star Theory
The Solar Calendar of Ancient Egypt: Fixed and Wandering Stars
Constellations - Names of Objects, Animals, and Mythical Heroes
The Zodiac and Astrology - The 12 Constellations Through Which the Sun Passes
The Story of the Sun God Ra _ The Sun Considered a Divine Being
Thales and Anaximander's Thoughts on the Stars - What are the sun, moon, and stars made of?
The emergence of the celestial sphere model _ Where the stars are
Aristarchus's observations: the distance between the Earth and the Moon, and between the Earth and the Sun
Eratosthenes calculated the radius of the Earth using the sun's rays and shadows.
Hipparchus, who studied the brightness of stars and ranked them by their brightness.
Second Encounter | Gravitation and the Distance of Stars
Discovery of universal gravitation: the force that attracts two objects with mass to each other
Calculating the acceleration due to gravity _ acceleration caused by gravity
Potential energy for gravity _ Using differentiation and integration
Virial Theorem _ Clausius's Proof
Discovery of Light Aberration: Evidence for Earth's Orbit
Distances to Stars - Bessel and Parallax
Absolute magnitude of a star - comparing the actual brightness of a star
Third Encounter | Polytropic Processes and the Structural Equation of Stars
Polytropic Processes - Thermodynamics of Gas in Stars
Lane and Emden's polytropic star model: Equations for stellar equilibrium
Eddington's Star Model - Adding Radiation Pressure
The Fourth Encounter | The Birth and Evolution of Stars
Women Astronomers at Harvard University and the Spectroscopy of Stars - A History of Star Research
Discovery of HR Diagram: The Relationship Between Star Brightness and Temperature
Protostar Theory: How Stars Are Born
Why Stars Shine: Nuclear Fusion Reactions in Stars
The Life of a Star - From Birth to Death
Pulsar - Regular signals from neutron stars
Black hole - a celestial body from which not even light can escape
Fifth Encounter | A Study of the Death of a Star
The Life of Chandrasekhar: Unstoppable Passion
Inside Chandrasekhar's Paper: Equilibrium Conditions for White Dwarfs
In addition to the meeting
On the Theoretical Temperature of the Sun _ English version of Lane's paper
The Internal Constitution of the Stars _Eddington's Papers in English
Energy Production in Stars _Bete's English version of the paper
The Density of White Dwarf Stars _Chandrasekhar 1 English version of the paper
The Maximum Mass of Ideal White Dwarfs _Chandrasekhar 2 English version of the paper
I hope you can understand the original papers of these genius scientists.
Unraveling the Physics of Star Death: A Surprise Interview with Dr. Genzel
First Encounter | Ancient Star Theory
The Solar Calendar of Ancient Egypt: Fixed and Wandering Stars
Constellations - Names of Objects, Animals, and Mythical Heroes
The Zodiac and Astrology - The 12 Constellations Through Which the Sun Passes
The Story of the Sun God Ra _ The Sun Considered a Divine Being
Thales and Anaximander's Thoughts on the Stars - What are the sun, moon, and stars made of?
The emergence of the celestial sphere model _ Where the stars are
Aristarchus's observations: the distance between the Earth and the Moon, and between the Earth and the Sun
Eratosthenes calculated the radius of the Earth using the sun's rays and shadows.
Hipparchus, who studied the brightness of stars and ranked them by their brightness.
Second Encounter | Gravitation and the Distance of Stars
Discovery of universal gravitation: the force that attracts two objects with mass to each other
Calculating the acceleration due to gravity _ acceleration caused by gravity
Potential energy for gravity _ Using differentiation and integration
Virial Theorem _ Clausius's Proof
Discovery of Light Aberration: Evidence for Earth's Orbit
Distances to Stars - Bessel and Parallax
Absolute magnitude of a star - comparing the actual brightness of a star
Third Encounter | Polytropic Processes and the Structural Equation of Stars
Polytropic Processes - Thermodynamics of Gas in Stars
Lane and Emden's polytropic star model: Equations for stellar equilibrium
Eddington's Star Model - Adding Radiation Pressure
The Fourth Encounter | The Birth and Evolution of Stars
Women Astronomers at Harvard University and the Spectroscopy of Stars - A History of Star Research
Discovery of HR Diagram: The Relationship Between Star Brightness and Temperature
Protostar Theory: How Stars Are Born
Why Stars Shine: Nuclear Fusion Reactions in Stars
The Life of a Star - From Birth to Death
Pulsar - Regular signals from neutron stars
Black hole - a celestial body from which not even light can escape
Fifth Encounter | A Study of the Death of a Star
The Life of Chandrasekhar: Unstoppable Passion
Inside Chandrasekhar's Paper: Equilibrium Conditions for White Dwarfs
In addition to the meeting
On the Theoretical Temperature of the Sun _ English version of Lane's paper
The Internal Constitution of the Stars _Eddington's Papers in English
Energy Production in Stars _Bete's English version of the paper
The Density of White Dwarf Stars _Chandrasekhar 1 English version of the paper
The Maximum Mass of Ideal White Dwarfs _Chandrasekhar 2 English version of the paper
Detailed image
Into the book
Ancient astronomers could not clearly distinguish between stars and planets.
Instead, they divided the stars into two types.
It was thought that there were 'fixed stars', whose positions did not change, and 'wandering stars', which moved noticeably compared to fixed stars over days or weeks.
--- p.22
Hipparchus built an observatory on the island of Rhodes and observed the stars.
It is said that he discovered 850 of the 1022 stars later used in the Roman era.
He classified stars into magnitudes 1 to 6 according to their brightness, defining the brightest star as magnitude 1 and the star barely visible to the eye as magnitude 6.
--- p.46
In addition, he discovered that the force of gravity is proportional to the product of the mass of the sun and the mass of the planet, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the sun and the planet.
This force is the gravitational force that attracts one another, and here Newton ran into a new problem.
If there is a force of attraction between celestial bodies, why don't they stick together? Newton realized that the reason is that planets orbit the sun.
--- p.48
In 1814, Fraunhofer used a spectroscope he built to investigate the spectrum of light coming from the sun.
In the process, we discovered that there was a black line in the spectrum.
This happens because the atoms that make up the sun absorb light of a specific wavelength, preventing that light from reaching the Earth.
This led us to know what atoms the sun is made of.
--- p.142
In 1844, German astronomer Bessel deduced that Sirius A's meandering rather than straight path was due to the gravitational influence of another star nearby.
The star Bessel had in mind was Sirius A's companion.
--- p.158
When a certain amount of interstellar matter is gathered, it forms a cluster due to the gravitational force between them, and the gathered interstellar matter rotates faster and faster, causing a gravitational contraction toward the center.
At this time, the center contracts much faster than the outside, and the outside contracts relatively slowly.
This period is called the protostar, so to speak, and can be seen as a newborn baby star.
It is known that protostars are still being born in the universe, and that a representative example is the protostar in the Orion Nebula.
--- p.179
As the core of a red giant continues to contract and reaches a temperature of 100 million degrees, helium undergoes nuclear fusion to create a carbon core at the core.
Once all the helium in the core has been converted to carbon, the lighter star can no longer create heavier elements.
Then, the material on the outside is ejected to form a planetary nebula, and the center contracts further to become a white dwarf.
In white dwarfs, nuclear fusion reactions no longer occur, and these stars are called compact stars.
That is, the densest cluster of light stars is a white dwarf.
--- p.181
In 1987, supernova 1987A (SN 1987A) appeared in the Large Magellanic Cloud.
This explosion, which occurred as a giant star 100 times the mass of the Sun rapidly contracted under gravity, was proven to be a supernova explosion as the faint star of magnitude 12 brightened to magnitude 2.9 over a period of two months.
This star is 150,000 light-years away, so this supernova explosion is a past event that occurred 150,000 years ago.
Supernova explosions are rare events, having been observed in 1054, 1572, 1604, and 1987, and are considered cosmic shows because of their grandeur.
--- p.183
Bell Burnell installed radio telescopes to study quasars.
During the investigation, we discovered that a strangely regular signal was coming every 1.33 seconds.
She reported this to her supervisor, Professor Hughes, and the two of them suspected that the signal might have been sent by aliens.
(...) About a month later, another similar object was discovered elsewhere, leading to the realization that the signal was coming from a neutron star, not an alien.
--- p.190
A black hole is the end of a massive star, where an enormous amount of mass is concentrated in a single point.
So gravity becomes incredibly strong.
Black has the property of absorbing all light.
It is called a black hole because it is a celestial body that cannot escape even light once it enters it due to its extremely strong gravity.
Instead, they divided the stars into two types.
It was thought that there were 'fixed stars', whose positions did not change, and 'wandering stars', which moved noticeably compared to fixed stars over days or weeks.
--- p.22
Hipparchus built an observatory on the island of Rhodes and observed the stars.
It is said that he discovered 850 of the 1022 stars later used in the Roman era.
He classified stars into magnitudes 1 to 6 according to their brightness, defining the brightest star as magnitude 1 and the star barely visible to the eye as magnitude 6.
--- p.46
In addition, he discovered that the force of gravity is proportional to the product of the mass of the sun and the mass of the planet, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the sun and the planet.
This force is the gravitational force that attracts one another, and here Newton ran into a new problem.
If there is a force of attraction between celestial bodies, why don't they stick together? Newton realized that the reason is that planets orbit the sun.
--- p.48
In 1814, Fraunhofer used a spectroscope he built to investigate the spectrum of light coming from the sun.
In the process, we discovered that there was a black line in the spectrum.
This happens because the atoms that make up the sun absorb light of a specific wavelength, preventing that light from reaching the Earth.
This led us to know what atoms the sun is made of.
--- p.142
In 1844, German astronomer Bessel deduced that Sirius A's meandering rather than straight path was due to the gravitational influence of another star nearby.
The star Bessel had in mind was Sirius A's companion.
--- p.158
When a certain amount of interstellar matter is gathered, it forms a cluster due to the gravitational force between them, and the gathered interstellar matter rotates faster and faster, causing a gravitational contraction toward the center.
At this time, the center contracts much faster than the outside, and the outside contracts relatively slowly.
This period is called the protostar, so to speak, and can be seen as a newborn baby star.
It is known that protostars are still being born in the universe, and that a representative example is the protostar in the Orion Nebula.
--- p.179
As the core of a red giant continues to contract and reaches a temperature of 100 million degrees, helium undergoes nuclear fusion to create a carbon core at the core.
Once all the helium in the core has been converted to carbon, the lighter star can no longer create heavier elements.
Then, the material on the outside is ejected to form a planetary nebula, and the center contracts further to become a white dwarf.
In white dwarfs, nuclear fusion reactions no longer occur, and these stars are called compact stars.
That is, the densest cluster of light stars is a white dwarf.
--- p.181
In 1987, supernova 1987A (SN 1987A) appeared in the Large Magellanic Cloud.
This explosion, which occurred as a giant star 100 times the mass of the Sun rapidly contracted under gravity, was proven to be a supernova explosion as the faint star of magnitude 12 brightened to magnitude 2.9 over a period of two months.
This star is 150,000 light-years away, so this supernova explosion is a past event that occurred 150,000 years ago.
Supernova explosions are rare events, having been observed in 1054, 1572, 1604, and 1987, and are considered cosmic shows because of their grandeur.
--- p.183
Bell Burnell installed radio telescopes to study quasars.
During the investigation, we discovered that a strangely regular signal was coming every 1.33 seconds.
She reported this to her supervisor, Professor Hughes, and the two of them suspected that the signal might have been sent by aliens.
(...) About a month later, another similar object was discovered elsewhere, leading to the realization that the signal was coming from a neutron star, not an alien.
--- p.190
A black hole is the end of a massive star, where an enormous amount of mass is concentrated in a single point.
So gravity becomes incredibly strong.
Black has the property of absorbing all light.
It is called a black hole because it is a celestial body that cannot escape even light once it enters it due to its extremely strong gravity.
--- p.193
Publisher's Review
★ Recommended by the National Science Teachers Association ★ Friendly, one-on-one science classes
★ A must-read for those planning to pursue a science or engineering degree ★ Includes English versions of Nobel Prize-winning papers
Where astronomy and physics meet
Everything in the universe has become an object of study in physics.
It is no exaggeration to say that the history of astronomy is the history of mankind.
The sun and moon, which rise and set periodically, and the stars that twinkle far in the dark night sky were not only objects of worship but also used to divine human fortune.
The ancient Egyptians, who held the sun sacred, created a solar calendar and predicted the flooding of the Nile River by observing the star Sirius rising at a certain position in the eastern sky.
The ancient Babylonians began to group the stars in the sky into constellations, and the Greeks and Romans named them after mythological characters or animals.
We once imagined the Earth as a cliff shape or that the stars revolved around the Earth on a celestial sphere, but as observational technology advanced, we were able to calculate the Earth's radius and measure the distances between the Earth, the Moon, and the Sun.
Astronomy, which had been observation-centered, took a new leap forward in the 20th century.
This is the meeting with physics.
Thus, astronomy is reborn as astrophysics.
Physics has been able to explain the results of observations of the universe theoretically, and when physics predicts the unknown world, it confirms it through observation.
As spacecraft were launched and the scope of astronomy expanded, physics became an integral part of astronomy.
"The World's Easiest Science Lesson: The Physics of the Stars" begins with ancient astronomy and unfolds the history of how astronomy and physics met.
With the advancement of observational technology and astrophysics, we introduce how astrophysicists have revealed the birth of the universe, that is, the process of star birth, evolution, and death, along with their papers.
Everything in the universe is now an object of study in physics.
Experience the infinite world of physics through this book!
Astrophysics, the oldest and most cutting-edge discipline
A book essential for us living in the space age of Korea.
Following the successful third launch of the Korean launch vehicle Nuriho in May 2023, the Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI), a government agency responsible for space development, was launched in May 2024.
The full-fledged space age has begun in our country as well.
Astronomy, the exploration of space, is one of the oldest and most cutting-edge disciplines in human history.
This can be seen as a result of physics being added and being reborn as astrophysics (the physics of stars).
Astrophysics, which studies the physical properties related to the creation and evolution of celestial bodies, is the most fundamental discipline in the space industry, which will be a driving force for future growth.
20th-century astrophysics revealed the secrets of the birth, evolution, and death of stars.
Based on this, research to uncover the mysteries of the universe continues even now.
This book explores the papers of the scholars who made their mark on astrophysics in a fascinating way, using history, photographs, and formulas.
It explains the formulas related to the physics of stars that appear in the paper step by step, and provides theoretical proofs and observational photos of astronomical objects to help readers understand.
Embark on a mysterious journey to explore the universe with "The World's Easiest Science Lesson: Star Physics"!
About the birth, evolution, and death of stars
A look into the universe through physics
This book deals with astronomy, particularly astrophysics, the field that explains and predicts celestial phenomena using physical theories.
I would like to introduce a paper by Chandrasekhar, an Indian astrophysicist who has made outstanding achievements in this field.
Chandrasekhar was born in British India in 1910, and his uncle was Venkata Raman, who also won the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Chandrasekhar's representative achievement is the study of white dwarfs.
He discovered the conditions under which white dwarfs, a later form of low-mass stars, achieve equilibrium.
His research led to the completion of the physics of stars, covering their birth, evolution, and death.
Although he experienced setbacks when his theories were not accepted by his mentor Eddington, Chandrasekhar ultimately achieved the feat of winning the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1983.
In recognition of his many achievements in astrophysics, the Chandra X-ray Observatory was launched into space and bears his name.
As a professor, he was very passionate about teaching and produced many outstanding students, including Nobel Prize winners.
Through this book, let's explore the great papers of Chandrasekhar, a scientist with unwavering passion!
★ A must-read for those planning to pursue a science or engineering degree ★ Includes English versions of Nobel Prize-winning papers
Where astronomy and physics meet
Everything in the universe has become an object of study in physics.
It is no exaggeration to say that the history of astronomy is the history of mankind.
The sun and moon, which rise and set periodically, and the stars that twinkle far in the dark night sky were not only objects of worship but also used to divine human fortune.
The ancient Egyptians, who held the sun sacred, created a solar calendar and predicted the flooding of the Nile River by observing the star Sirius rising at a certain position in the eastern sky.
The ancient Babylonians began to group the stars in the sky into constellations, and the Greeks and Romans named them after mythological characters or animals.
We once imagined the Earth as a cliff shape or that the stars revolved around the Earth on a celestial sphere, but as observational technology advanced, we were able to calculate the Earth's radius and measure the distances between the Earth, the Moon, and the Sun.
Astronomy, which had been observation-centered, took a new leap forward in the 20th century.
This is the meeting with physics.
Thus, astronomy is reborn as astrophysics.
Physics has been able to explain the results of observations of the universe theoretically, and when physics predicts the unknown world, it confirms it through observation.
As spacecraft were launched and the scope of astronomy expanded, physics became an integral part of astronomy.
"The World's Easiest Science Lesson: The Physics of the Stars" begins with ancient astronomy and unfolds the history of how astronomy and physics met.
With the advancement of observational technology and astrophysics, we introduce how astrophysicists have revealed the birth of the universe, that is, the process of star birth, evolution, and death, along with their papers.
Everything in the universe is now an object of study in physics.
Experience the infinite world of physics through this book!
Astrophysics, the oldest and most cutting-edge discipline
A book essential for us living in the space age of Korea.
Following the successful third launch of the Korean launch vehicle Nuriho in May 2023, the Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI), a government agency responsible for space development, was launched in May 2024.
The full-fledged space age has begun in our country as well.
Astronomy, the exploration of space, is one of the oldest and most cutting-edge disciplines in human history.
This can be seen as a result of physics being added and being reborn as astrophysics (the physics of stars).
Astrophysics, which studies the physical properties related to the creation and evolution of celestial bodies, is the most fundamental discipline in the space industry, which will be a driving force for future growth.
20th-century astrophysics revealed the secrets of the birth, evolution, and death of stars.
Based on this, research to uncover the mysteries of the universe continues even now.
This book explores the papers of the scholars who made their mark on astrophysics in a fascinating way, using history, photographs, and formulas.
It explains the formulas related to the physics of stars that appear in the paper step by step, and provides theoretical proofs and observational photos of astronomical objects to help readers understand.
Embark on a mysterious journey to explore the universe with "The World's Easiest Science Lesson: Star Physics"!
About the birth, evolution, and death of stars
A look into the universe through physics
This book deals with astronomy, particularly astrophysics, the field that explains and predicts celestial phenomena using physical theories.
I would like to introduce a paper by Chandrasekhar, an Indian astrophysicist who has made outstanding achievements in this field.
Chandrasekhar was born in British India in 1910, and his uncle was Venkata Raman, who also won the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Chandrasekhar's representative achievement is the study of white dwarfs.
He discovered the conditions under which white dwarfs, a later form of low-mass stars, achieve equilibrium.
His research led to the completion of the physics of stars, covering their birth, evolution, and death.
Although he experienced setbacks when his theories were not accepted by his mentor Eddington, Chandrasekhar ultimately achieved the feat of winning the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1983.
In recognition of his many achievements in astrophysics, the Chandra X-ray Observatory was launched into space and bears his name.
As a professor, he was very passionate about teaching and produced many outstanding students, including Nobel Prize winners.
Through this book, let's explore the great papers of Chandrasekhar, a scientist with unwavering passion!
GOODS SPECIFICS
- Date of issue: July 17, 2024
- Page count, weight, size: 300 pages | 152*215*20mm
- ISBN13: 9791193357309
- ISBN10: 1193357306
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