Calendar and Power
 |
Description
Book Introduction
Let's take a quick look.
There is probably at least one calendar on the wall, desk, or shelf in the room we are in now.
And we will plan our year, month, and week according to that calendar, and we will keep track of birthdays and important anniversaries of our family and friends.
This book is an exciting 'calendar story' about the calendar, a medium that coordinates our lives and time.
The author provides an engaging account of the evolution of the calendar from around 6000 BC to the modern Gregorian calendar, the stories behind it, and various curiosities related to the calendar.
After explaining the components of a calendar, the book begins with the ancient Egyptian calendar, the origin of the modern calendar.
It explains the major changes in calendars, from the Egyptian calendar, which was divided into three seasons according to the flooding of the Nile River, to the Roman calendar, which was incredibly complicated, to the Julian calendar, which was widely used until the end of the 16th century because it calculated a year to be 365.25 days relatively accurately, to the ten days that were lost to history due to the 674 seconds that Caesar ignored, and to the Gregorian calendar, which was created to correct that error.
The history of the calendar and the stories behind 'calendar and power' are also interesting.
Anecdotes about those who tried to control time, such as the story of officials in the Roman Republic manipulating the calendar by bribing them to extend their terms of office, the Fascist calendar created by Mussolini to show off his achievements, and the Soviet calendar created to increase productivity, are common throughout the East and the West, past and present.
In addition to this, it also covers the calendars of ancient cultures such as the Sumerian, Babylonian, Greek, Jewish, Mayan, and Aztec calendars, as well as the Korean calendar and the vulnerabilities of the modern calendar.
Through this book, you can encounter natural scientific curiosity related to the calendar and various episodes engraved in history.
There is probably at least one calendar on the wall, desk, or shelf in the room we are in now.
And we will plan our year, month, and week according to that calendar, and we will keep track of birthdays and important anniversaries of our family and friends.
This book is an exciting 'calendar story' about the calendar, a medium that coordinates our lives and time.
The author provides an engaging account of the evolution of the calendar from around 6000 BC to the modern Gregorian calendar, the stories behind it, and various curiosities related to the calendar.
After explaining the components of a calendar, the book begins with the ancient Egyptian calendar, the origin of the modern calendar.
It explains the major changes in calendars, from the Egyptian calendar, which was divided into three seasons according to the flooding of the Nile River, to the Roman calendar, which was incredibly complicated, to the Julian calendar, which was widely used until the end of the 16th century because it calculated a year to be 365.25 days relatively accurately, to the ten days that were lost to history due to the 674 seconds that Caesar ignored, and to the Gregorian calendar, which was created to correct that error.
The history of the calendar and the stories behind 'calendar and power' are also interesting.
Anecdotes about those who tried to control time, such as the story of officials in the Roman Republic manipulating the calendar by bribing them to extend their terms of office, the Fascist calendar created by Mussolini to show off his achievements, and the Soviet calendar created to increase productivity, are common throughout the East and the West, past and present.
In addition to this, it also covers the calendars of ancient cultures such as the Sumerian, Babylonian, Greek, Jewish, Mayan, and Aztec calendars, as well as the Korean calendar and the vulnerabilities of the modern calendar.
Through this book, you can encounter natural scientific curiosity related to the calendar and various episodes engraved in history.
- You can preview some of the book's contents.
Preview
index
preface
1 In Rome, October 1582
2 Components of the Calendar
1 The smallest unit of the calendar - a day
2 Artificial Units - When is the weekly rest day?
Following the shape of the three moons - one month
4 One rotation around the sun - one year
5 How is the length of a year measured? Gnome / Stonehenge and Obelisk / The length of a year
3 Origins of the Modern Calendar
1 Ancient Egyptian Calendar
The Nile Flood and the Three Seasons / Osiris and Isis / Sirius, the Star that Predicts the Nile Flood / Ptolemy's Calendar Reform
2 Ancient Roman Calendar
Between 304 days in the tenth month of the year and 378 days in the twelfth month of the year / The leap month is in mid-February / Where do the months come from / Finding the Labyrinth - Roman Date Counting
3 Julian calendar
46 BC - A year of 445 days / A year of 365.25 days / Large and small months / Augustus' calendar reform / All roads lead to Rome
4 Gregorian calendar
1 Origin of the Origin
When was Jesus born? / Where is the year 0? / When does the year begin?
2 The Starting Point of the Gregorian Reform? Easter
Easter in the Frontier Countries
3 Pope Gregory XIII and the Calendar Reform
Reform attempts before Gregory XIII / Gregory XIII's calendar reform
4. Spread of the Gregorian calendar
The Resistance of German Protestants / All Roads Lead Back to Rome / The Shortest Month in History / The Most Sophisticated Calendar
5 Exactly 365,237 days
6 The Mystery of the Gregorian Reform
5 Revolutions and the Calendar
1 French Revolutionary Calendar
The Unity of Nature and History / Sans-Cullottes / Abolition of the Revolutionary Calendar
2 Italian Fascist Calendars
3 Soviet Calendar Reform
Calendar Reform for the Economy
6 Calendars of Ancient Cultures
1 Sumerian calendar
2 Babylonian calendar
3 Greek calendar
8-year leap year system / Metonic cycle - 19 years / Hipparchus cycle - 304 years
4 Jewish Calendar
Exodus - Beginning of the Jewish Calendar / After the Exile - Lunar-Solar Calendar / Creation - 3761 BC
5 Muslim Calendar
Pure lunar calendar / lunar calendar without leap month
6 Mayan and Aztec Calendars
The religious calendar, Tzolkin / the agricultural calendar, Haap / the long ages / the Aztec sun stone / allocating time to the gods
7 Our country's calendar
1 King Sejong and Chiljeongsan Mountain
The work of realizing heaven's work on earth / Chiljeongsan Mountain, created by investing the best skills / The 24 seasons and 72 seasons / Established royal authority and declining science
2 lunisolar calendar
How do solar and lunar leap months occur? / Sexagenary cycle - counting years and days / Dangi (檀紀)
3 Traditional Korean holidays
Seollal / Daeboreum / Hansik / Samjinnal / Chobal / Dano / Yudujeol / Sambok / Chilseok / Baekjung / Chuseok / Junggu/Jungyang / Sangdal / Dongji / Napil
8 Flaws in the Modern Calendar
1 Problems with the Modern Calendar
The days of the week change / The length of the months are different / The weeks and months don't line up / Is Easter the problem after all / There's still one day left
9 Do we need a new calendar?
1 International Fixed Calendar Union
2 World Calendar
John Lennon and Olivia / World Calendar Association
3 The world is still vast and there is much to do.
Calendar History Chronology / References / Index
1 In Rome, October 1582
2 Components of the Calendar
1 The smallest unit of the calendar - a day
2 Artificial Units - When is the weekly rest day?
Following the shape of the three moons - one month
4 One rotation around the sun - one year
5 How is the length of a year measured? Gnome / Stonehenge and Obelisk / The length of a year
3 Origins of the Modern Calendar
1 Ancient Egyptian Calendar
The Nile Flood and the Three Seasons / Osiris and Isis / Sirius, the Star that Predicts the Nile Flood / Ptolemy's Calendar Reform
2 Ancient Roman Calendar
Between 304 days in the tenth month of the year and 378 days in the twelfth month of the year / The leap month is in mid-February / Where do the months come from / Finding the Labyrinth - Roman Date Counting
3 Julian calendar
46 BC - A year of 445 days / A year of 365.25 days / Large and small months / Augustus' calendar reform / All roads lead to Rome
4 Gregorian calendar
1 Origin of the Origin
When was Jesus born? / Where is the year 0? / When does the year begin?
2 The Starting Point of the Gregorian Reform? Easter
Easter in the Frontier Countries
3 Pope Gregory XIII and the Calendar Reform
Reform attempts before Gregory XIII / Gregory XIII's calendar reform
4. Spread of the Gregorian calendar
The Resistance of German Protestants / All Roads Lead Back to Rome / The Shortest Month in History / The Most Sophisticated Calendar
5 Exactly 365,237 days
6 The Mystery of the Gregorian Reform
5 Revolutions and the Calendar
1 French Revolutionary Calendar
The Unity of Nature and History / Sans-Cullottes / Abolition of the Revolutionary Calendar
2 Italian Fascist Calendars
3 Soviet Calendar Reform
Calendar Reform for the Economy
6 Calendars of Ancient Cultures
1 Sumerian calendar
2 Babylonian calendar
3 Greek calendar
8-year leap year system / Metonic cycle - 19 years / Hipparchus cycle - 304 years
4 Jewish Calendar
Exodus - Beginning of the Jewish Calendar / After the Exile - Lunar-Solar Calendar / Creation - 3761 BC
5 Muslim Calendar
Pure lunar calendar / lunar calendar without leap month
6 Mayan and Aztec Calendars
The religious calendar, Tzolkin / the agricultural calendar, Haap / the long ages / the Aztec sun stone / allocating time to the gods
7 Our country's calendar
1 King Sejong and Chiljeongsan Mountain
The work of realizing heaven's work on earth / Chiljeongsan Mountain, created by investing the best skills / The 24 seasons and 72 seasons / Established royal authority and declining science
2 lunisolar calendar
How do solar and lunar leap months occur? / Sexagenary cycle - counting years and days / Dangi (檀紀)
3 Traditional Korean holidays
Seollal / Daeboreum / Hansik / Samjinnal / Chobal / Dano / Yudujeol / Sambok / Chilseok / Baekjung / Chuseok / Junggu/Jungyang / Sangdal / Dongji / Napil
8 Flaws in the Modern Calendar
1 Problems with the Modern Calendar
The days of the week change / The length of the months are different / The weeks and months don't line up / Is Easter the problem after all / There's still one day left
9 Do we need a new calendar?
1 International Fixed Calendar Union
2 World Calendar
John Lennon and Olivia / World Calendar Association
3 The world is still vast and there is much to do.
Calendar History Chronology / References / Index
Into the book
The 16th century in Europe was a time when scientists, who sought to develop true science through a combination of observation, experimentation, and mathematics, opposed the church, which regarded geocentrism as an absolute truth. It was also a time of religious reform and colonial development.
So, the 16th century is the period that occupies the most space in European history and is also the period that is recorded in the most detail.
But there are a few days missing from this 16th-century historical record.
This is the period from October 5 to October 14, 1582.
In Rome, the center of Europe at the time, these ten days are completely missing from the records.
--- p.18
This is precisely the issue that this book seeks to address.
“What on earth happened in Rome from October 5 to October 14, 1582?” The answer is simple.
Nothing happened.
Not at all, nothing.
During these ten days there was not a single Inquisition or witch burning in Rome.
There were no ships carrying goods from far away China, and the daily market was not open.
There were no soldiers running wild with sharp spears, and no drunkards singing.
There were no church bells tolling, no heated debates among scholars.
During this time, people did not eat or drink anything, and did not even breathe.
It wasn't that a great fire broke out in Rome or a terrible plague broke out and killed everyone.
So why is there no record in history books of what happened during those ten days? --- p.19
The Roman calendar for October 1582 is missing the 5th to the 14th.
But this calendar is not misprinted.
Or it wasn't some wicked tyrant forcing his people to follow a ridiculous calendar for fun.
This calendar was a calendar to correct what was wrong, and it was a proper calendar.
In any case, according to this calendar, people had to go to sleep on the night of Thursday, October 4, 1582, and wake up on the morning of the next day, Friday, October 15.
--- p.20
In the West, the hottest time of August is called 'Hundstage'.
It is a strange coincidence that it falls on our Bok (Feast) day.
At this time, as dawn approaches, the star Sirius, which cannot be seen before, is observed near the horizon.
The ancient Egyptians also called this star Sothis, meaning "bringer of the Nile."
This star is the first-magnitude star in the constellation Canis Major, and is also the star of Isis, the main character in mythology.
Until this time, Sirius is obscured by the light of the rising sun.
But as the Sun moves and the distance between the Sun and Sirius gradually increases, people can finally see Sirius at dawn before sunrise.
--- p.63
The Romans called the leap month 'mercedonius'.
However, unlike the leap month in the lunar calendar we have today, this leap month did not exist as an independent month, but was inserted into the middle of February.
That is, after the 23rd day of the last month, February, a leap month of 22 or 23 days was inserted, and after this period, five more days were counted from the 24th to the 28th.
A calendar this complex and unsystematic is not found in any other culture.
Considering this, the social chaos of the late Roman Republic is not at all surprising.
The officials who oversaw the calendar arbitrarily ignored the principle of leap months and lengthened and shortened the length of the year like stretching a rubber band.
--- p.73
After defeating Pompey and achieving great success in his expeditions to Asia Minor and Africa, Julius Caesar returned to Rome in 46 BC, gaining even greater power.
All the Roman citizens came out into the streets to see his triumphal procession and fell down at his feet and worshipped him.
But Caesar remained alert to the social dangers hidden behind the splendid triumphal procession.
He decided to eliminate that danger first.
The danger was the disruption of social order caused by a confusing calendar system.
--- p.80
Since then, the Roman calendar system has not changed much.
However, those in power continued to try to include their names in the calendar, following the example of Caesar and Augustus.
Naming a month after myself was a great way to immortalize my name, while being much easier than doing complicated math with complex numbers.
(...) However, although flattery may come with power, it does not necessarily lead to achievements and respect, so they all ended in failure.
Nero (reigned 54-68), the fifth emperor of Rome and a synonym for tyranny, was able to change the month of April, Aprilius, to Neroneus after himself.
But as soon as he died, people reverted to the original name of April without any hesitation.
--- pp.88-89
It is not certain whether this was due to pressure from the Holy See, but there was no problem in disseminating the Gregorian reform calendar in Catholic countries.
In France, it passed directly from December 9, 1582, to the 20th, and in Holland and Flanders, the day after December 21, 1582, became January 1, 1583.
However, in the Protestant countries where the Reformation had taken place not long before, it was not natural for them to accept the new doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church.
--- p.114
But the logical reasons for calendar reform did little to improve the situation.
In Protestant areas, despite the errors in the Julian calendar, the new calendar was still not accepted.
So, when two calendars were used simultaneously in different regions, it caused great confusion in daily life and especially in international trade.
Because the dates were different, the Protestant and Catholic regions became disconnected not only socially but also economically.
--- p.115
A more serious situation arose in areas where Catholics and Protestants lived together.
In Catholic homes that follow the Roman calendar, Passion Day had already begun in February, but Protestants were gathered in the square in front of the city gates and enjoying Carnival.
Protestants are also fasting ahead of Easter, while Catholics are happily attending Easter services at the church next door or going out to work in the fields.
In Germany, this phenomenon has continued for over 100 years.
--- p.116
However, all publications, including newspapers, that encountered the new calendar listed dates according to the Gregorian calendar alongside the Fascist calendar.
So fortunately, people didn't have much trouble living.
Mussolini's countless efforts to ensure that only the fascist calendar was used were met with ridicule.
The Fascist calendar quietly disappeared from history in 1943 with the collapse of Fascist power during World War II.
The era of fascism was actually very short in the original country.
--- p.142
Here, we also need to consider that the number of weekends varies each year, not to mention public holidays, so the number of working days varies each month and quarter.
If the weekend falls on the first or second day of the month, the number of working days in that month may be reduced by about two days, even if Saturday is also a day off.
Therefore, when comparing a large month with many working days and a small month with few working days, the difference becomes very large.
For example, February 2001 had only 20 working days, but May of the same year had 23.
In May 2001, there were 15 percent more working days than in February, so is it right to pay the same basic salary?
So, the 16th century is the period that occupies the most space in European history and is also the period that is recorded in the most detail.
But there are a few days missing from this 16th-century historical record.
This is the period from October 5 to October 14, 1582.
In Rome, the center of Europe at the time, these ten days are completely missing from the records.
--- p.18
This is precisely the issue that this book seeks to address.
“What on earth happened in Rome from October 5 to October 14, 1582?” The answer is simple.
Nothing happened.
Not at all, nothing.
During these ten days there was not a single Inquisition or witch burning in Rome.
There were no ships carrying goods from far away China, and the daily market was not open.
There were no soldiers running wild with sharp spears, and no drunkards singing.
There were no church bells tolling, no heated debates among scholars.
During this time, people did not eat or drink anything, and did not even breathe.
It wasn't that a great fire broke out in Rome or a terrible plague broke out and killed everyone.
So why is there no record in history books of what happened during those ten days? --- p.19
The Roman calendar for October 1582 is missing the 5th to the 14th.
But this calendar is not misprinted.
Or it wasn't some wicked tyrant forcing his people to follow a ridiculous calendar for fun.
This calendar was a calendar to correct what was wrong, and it was a proper calendar.
In any case, according to this calendar, people had to go to sleep on the night of Thursday, October 4, 1582, and wake up on the morning of the next day, Friday, October 15.
--- p.20
In the West, the hottest time of August is called 'Hundstage'.
It is a strange coincidence that it falls on our Bok (Feast) day.
At this time, as dawn approaches, the star Sirius, which cannot be seen before, is observed near the horizon.
The ancient Egyptians also called this star Sothis, meaning "bringer of the Nile."
This star is the first-magnitude star in the constellation Canis Major, and is also the star of Isis, the main character in mythology.
Until this time, Sirius is obscured by the light of the rising sun.
But as the Sun moves and the distance between the Sun and Sirius gradually increases, people can finally see Sirius at dawn before sunrise.
--- p.63
The Romans called the leap month 'mercedonius'.
However, unlike the leap month in the lunar calendar we have today, this leap month did not exist as an independent month, but was inserted into the middle of February.
That is, after the 23rd day of the last month, February, a leap month of 22 or 23 days was inserted, and after this period, five more days were counted from the 24th to the 28th.
A calendar this complex and unsystematic is not found in any other culture.
Considering this, the social chaos of the late Roman Republic is not at all surprising.
The officials who oversaw the calendar arbitrarily ignored the principle of leap months and lengthened and shortened the length of the year like stretching a rubber band.
--- p.73
After defeating Pompey and achieving great success in his expeditions to Asia Minor and Africa, Julius Caesar returned to Rome in 46 BC, gaining even greater power.
All the Roman citizens came out into the streets to see his triumphal procession and fell down at his feet and worshipped him.
But Caesar remained alert to the social dangers hidden behind the splendid triumphal procession.
He decided to eliminate that danger first.
The danger was the disruption of social order caused by a confusing calendar system.
--- p.80
Since then, the Roman calendar system has not changed much.
However, those in power continued to try to include their names in the calendar, following the example of Caesar and Augustus.
Naming a month after myself was a great way to immortalize my name, while being much easier than doing complicated math with complex numbers.
(...) However, although flattery may come with power, it does not necessarily lead to achievements and respect, so they all ended in failure.
Nero (reigned 54-68), the fifth emperor of Rome and a synonym for tyranny, was able to change the month of April, Aprilius, to Neroneus after himself.
But as soon as he died, people reverted to the original name of April without any hesitation.
--- pp.88-89
It is not certain whether this was due to pressure from the Holy See, but there was no problem in disseminating the Gregorian reform calendar in Catholic countries.
In France, it passed directly from December 9, 1582, to the 20th, and in Holland and Flanders, the day after December 21, 1582, became January 1, 1583.
However, in the Protestant countries where the Reformation had taken place not long before, it was not natural for them to accept the new doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church.
--- p.114
But the logical reasons for calendar reform did little to improve the situation.
In Protestant areas, despite the errors in the Julian calendar, the new calendar was still not accepted.
So, when two calendars were used simultaneously in different regions, it caused great confusion in daily life and especially in international trade.
Because the dates were different, the Protestant and Catholic regions became disconnected not only socially but also economically.
--- p.115
A more serious situation arose in areas where Catholics and Protestants lived together.
In Catholic homes that follow the Roman calendar, Passion Day had already begun in February, but Protestants were gathered in the square in front of the city gates and enjoying Carnival.
Protestants are also fasting ahead of Easter, while Catholics are happily attending Easter services at the church next door or going out to work in the fields.
In Germany, this phenomenon has continued for over 100 years.
--- p.116
However, all publications, including newspapers, that encountered the new calendar listed dates according to the Gregorian calendar alongside the Fascist calendar.
So fortunately, people didn't have much trouble living.
Mussolini's countless efforts to ensure that only the fascist calendar was used were met with ridicule.
The Fascist calendar quietly disappeared from history in 1943 with the collapse of Fascist power during World War II.
The era of fascism was actually very short in the original country.
--- p.142
Here, we also need to consider that the number of weekends varies each year, not to mention public holidays, so the number of working days varies each month and quarter.
If the weekend falls on the first or second day of the month, the number of working days in that month may be reduced by about two days, even if Saturday is also a day off.
Therefore, when comparing a large month with many working days and a small month with few working days, the difference becomes very large.
For example, February 2001 had only 20 working days, but May of the same year had 23.
In May 2001, there were 15 percent more working days than in February, so is it right to pay the same basic salary?
--- pp.227-228
Publisher's Review
The compromise between power and science surrounding the calendar,
The conflict between tradition and innovation: Discover the hidden labyrinth of history!
When we approach history, whether it is microhistory or general history, political history or life history, we understand it based on years and dates.
The trend of the times is actually created within it.
Even an extremely abstract and highly conceptualized concept like Hegel's 'Zeitgeist' would be questionable in its very origin if there were no historical facts based on years and dates.
But are these years and dates truly accurate? According to [Calendar and Power], the years and dates we use in our daily lives and frequently referenced throughout history are not so out of place as to negate the flow of time, but at least their premises and introductions are likely to be in error.
A prime example of this is the issue of years.
The year 2000 was celebrated with great fanfare as the millennium, but the question is whether that really marked the beginning of the 21st century.
This question is very compelling.
This is because it is based on ‘scientific analysis’, which we in modern times worship more than anything else.
The 'ten days' that disappeared from the earth
The Gregorian calendar we use today was introduced in the 16th century.
But with that introduction, a period of ten days disappeared from history, albeit with a time difference.
In Roman history alone, the day after October 5, 1582, became October 14.
What on earth happened? There was a good reason for it.
The Julian calendar, used before the Gregorian calendar, had an error of 11 minutes and 42 seconds per year.
The error continued to accumulate, and by the 16th century there was a huge difference of ten days between the calendar and astronomical equinoxes.
This is why the Gregorian calendar is also referred to as the Gregorian Reformed calendar.
This is because, in order to correct the difference in astronomical observations with the calendar rule that considers the Earth's rotation as one day and the Earth's revolution as one year, and to prevent such differences from occurring in the future, a strict leap year rule was put in place (one day is added every four years, but in years divisible by 100, such as 1700 and 1800, a day is not added, and in years divisible by 400, such as 2000, a day is added as before) so that our calendar can be put back on track.
But the problem lies in the ten days that disappeared with the introduction of the Gregorian calendar.
If we compare it with the previous calendar and calculate it thoroughly, there should be a difference of 12.69 days between the vernal equinox on the calendar and the astronomical vernal equinox at that time.
However, by eliminating just ten days, the calendar vernal equinox and the astronomical vernal equinox became aligned.
What on earth is going on?
Of course, there are many hypotheses related to it.
However, based on the healthy modern common sense that astronomical observations and mathematics do not lie, one cannot help but cast doubt on the credibility of history itself.
Is it now some year between 1593 and 1718, not the year 2000?
So what is the truth?
If you calculate it, you will get the answer.
Considering that the Gregorian calendar was introduced with a ten-day limit, the date error at that time was at least 9.51 days and at most 10.49 days.
Compared to the previous calendar, the calculated 12.69 days differ by a minimum of 2.20 days and a maximum of 3.18 days.
However, the Julian calendar has an error of 0.00780121 days per year.
Therefore, we can estimate that an error of approximately 282 years (2.20 / 0.00780121) to 407 years (3.18 / 0.00780121) occurred in history, and applying that to modern times, the answer is that the current year could be any year between 1593 and 1718, not the year 2000.
If this story is true, we have to rethink many issues.
First of all, we conclude that it is not yet time to judge the truth of the many eschatologies.
This is because the end of the world that Nostradamus spoke of is still at least 200 years away and at most 400 years away.
It is also difficult to dismiss the story of the final judgment in Christianity as a matter of 'faith' or a 'parable' in sermons.
Because we cannot commit the folly of judging future events that have not yet occurred.
Was Gregory's calendar reform due to the Last Judgment?
The 'calendar' is not only a subject of academic and scientific discussion that may even feel metaphysical.
According to this book, calendars have often caused quite a bit of social ripples.
The process of introducing the Gregorian calendar was like that.
The Gregorian calendar has had no problems spreading to Catholic countries since its introduction.
But in Protestant countries, things were different.
All kinds of documents began to pour out criticizing the new calendar introduced under the leadership of Pope Gregory XIII.
There is anger at having ten days stolen from the life of a poor farmer, as well as the lament of wandering workers who are confused about when they will have to go on their journey again, and “The Pope changed the calendar because he was afraid that the Last Judgment would come soon.
He is confusing Christ with a new calendar.
It contained various interpretations, ranging from the rather 'topical' to the more 'suggestive': "Now Christ does not know when he will make his final judgment, and this allows the Pope to continue his wicked deeds" ([A Short Dialogue Between Two Meissen Peasants on the Pope's New Calendar], Germany, 1584).
Conflict and confusion surrounding the calendar over 200 years
Social confusion also continued.
The use of two calendars simultaneously in different regions caused confusion in daily life as well as in international trade.
Because the dates they were referring to were different.
In areas where Catholics and Protestants lived together, 'strange' things often happened.
In Catholic homes, Lent has begun, and while Protestants are enjoying Carnival, Protestants are fasting in preparation for Easter, while Catholics are joyfully attending Easter services in the church.
This phenomenon continued for nearly 200 years.
Until now, scientific rationality has been virtually out of the question in the face of the power of social conventions and ideology, 'as far as calendars are concerned.'
The same was true for the French Revolutionary Calendar.
“Isn’t it equally irrational to count the years from the birth of Christ, as it is to name them after the accession of a king? If all weights and measures have been unified on the basis of the decimal system, why can’t we also introduce it for time? Why should our festivals be determined by a decree issued by Pope Gregory 200 years ago? The new civil power must create a completely new, modern calendar, one that is in keeping with scientific phenomena,” he said, and created a new calendar based on the decimal system, but the result was a failure.
This was due to various problems such as public opposition to the change from one day off every seven days to one day off every ten days, as well as difficulties in foreign trade.
So, shouldn't we accept it as a given that the Fascist calendar (created by Mussoloni to show off his personal achievements) and the Soviet calendar (created by Stalin for economic purposes), which originated from more impure motives, never took hold and disappeared?
It started with a simple writing motive,
Looking at it this far, [Calendar and Power] can be said to be a history of science based on the 'calendar' and a social history depicting the conflict and reconciliation process between 'calendar and power'.
However, the author's original motive for writing was simple.
As stated in the preface, this writing project began one day while solving a magazine quiz, asking, "Why on earth do we need calendars? And a new one every year.
It all started with a simple question: "If our schedules were consistent year after year, wouldn't one calendar be enough?" Or, wouldn't it be more convenient to simplify the calendar so it's as easy to remember as the multiplication table? Why does the new year always begin on January 1st?"
I came to question the 'basis' of the calendar, which I can just glance at to check the date or day of the week.
And in the process of trying to find the basis and answer that question, countless calendar-related 'events' unfold that ultimately arouse the reader's curiosity.
The date of birth of Jesus is divided based on the birth of Jesus, but the result is that it is estimated that Jesus was born in 7 BC, not AD 1, from an astronomical or historical perspective, which overturns common sense.
The history of the calendar and the calendar of history
But all of this is viewed within the overall 'history of the calendar'.
From how prehistoric humans measured the year, to the ancient Egyptian, Sumerian, Babylonian, Greek, Jewish, Mayan, and Aztec calendars, the Islamic calendar, the French Revolutionary calendar, the Italian Fascist calendar, the Soviet calendar, and even the world calendar, a single calendar can be used forever, and even the perpetual calendar, all calendars are presented with illustrations and tables.
In the process, we are reminded.
The modern calendar we use today is a historical product of the West, specifically the Christian cultural sphere. We will learn why this calendar had to come into existence, what its principles are, what advantages it has over other calendars, and how this calendar was able to spread throughout the world.
It also raises the question of what the ‘calendar of history’ really is.
Perhaps the answer will vary from reader to reader.
But the aphorism at the beginning of the book states, 'The basic form of all existence is space and time.
And to be outside of time is as absurd as being outside of space' (Friedrich Engels) This will make us look back at 'What the Corinthians call ten days, the Athenians call five, and others call eight' (Aristoxenos).
The conflict between tradition and innovation: Discover the hidden labyrinth of history!
When we approach history, whether it is microhistory or general history, political history or life history, we understand it based on years and dates.
The trend of the times is actually created within it.
Even an extremely abstract and highly conceptualized concept like Hegel's 'Zeitgeist' would be questionable in its very origin if there were no historical facts based on years and dates.
But are these years and dates truly accurate? According to [Calendar and Power], the years and dates we use in our daily lives and frequently referenced throughout history are not so out of place as to negate the flow of time, but at least their premises and introductions are likely to be in error.
A prime example of this is the issue of years.
The year 2000 was celebrated with great fanfare as the millennium, but the question is whether that really marked the beginning of the 21st century.
This question is very compelling.
This is because it is based on ‘scientific analysis’, which we in modern times worship more than anything else.
The 'ten days' that disappeared from the earth
The Gregorian calendar we use today was introduced in the 16th century.
But with that introduction, a period of ten days disappeared from history, albeit with a time difference.
In Roman history alone, the day after October 5, 1582, became October 14.
What on earth happened? There was a good reason for it.
The Julian calendar, used before the Gregorian calendar, had an error of 11 minutes and 42 seconds per year.
The error continued to accumulate, and by the 16th century there was a huge difference of ten days between the calendar and astronomical equinoxes.
This is why the Gregorian calendar is also referred to as the Gregorian Reformed calendar.
This is because, in order to correct the difference in astronomical observations with the calendar rule that considers the Earth's rotation as one day and the Earth's revolution as one year, and to prevent such differences from occurring in the future, a strict leap year rule was put in place (one day is added every four years, but in years divisible by 100, such as 1700 and 1800, a day is not added, and in years divisible by 400, such as 2000, a day is added as before) so that our calendar can be put back on track.
But the problem lies in the ten days that disappeared with the introduction of the Gregorian calendar.
If we compare it with the previous calendar and calculate it thoroughly, there should be a difference of 12.69 days between the vernal equinox on the calendar and the astronomical vernal equinox at that time.
However, by eliminating just ten days, the calendar vernal equinox and the astronomical vernal equinox became aligned.
What on earth is going on?
Of course, there are many hypotheses related to it.
However, based on the healthy modern common sense that astronomical observations and mathematics do not lie, one cannot help but cast doubt on the credibility of history itself.
Is it now some year between 1593 and 1718, not the year 2000?
So what is the truth?
If you calculate it, you will get the answer.
Considering that the Gregorian calendar was introduced with a ten-day limit, the date error at that time was at least 9.51 days and at most 10.49 days.
Compared to the previous calendar, the calculated 12.69 days differ by a minimum of 2.20 days and a maximum of 3.18 days.
However, the Julian calendar has an error of 0.00780121 days per year.
Therefore, we can estimate that an error of approximately 282 years (2.20 / 0.00780121) to 407 years (3.18 / 0.00780121) occurred in history, and applying that to modern times, the answer is that the current year could be any year between 1593 and 1718, not the year 2000.
If this story is true, we have to rethink many issues.
First of all, we conclude that it is not yet time to judge the truth of the many eschatologies.
This is because the end of the world that Nostradamus spoke of is still at least 200 years away and at most 400 years away.
It is also difficult to dismiss the story of the final judgment in Christianity as a matter of 'faith' or a 'parable' in sermons.
Because we cannot commit the folly of judging future events that have not yet occurred.
Was Gregory's calendar reform due to the Last Judgment?
The 'calendar' is not only a subject of academic and scientific discussion that may even feel metaphysical.
According to this book, calendars have often caused quite a bit of social ripples.
The process of introducing the Gregorian calendar was like that.
The Gregorian calendar has had no problems spreading to Catholic countries since its introduction.
But in Protestant countries, things were different.
All kinds of documents began to pour out criticizing the new calendar introduced under the leadership of Pope Gregory XIII.
There is anger at having ten days stolen from the life of a poor farmer, as well as the lament of wandering workers who are confused about when they will have to go on their journey again, and “The Pope changed the calendar because he was afraid that the Last Judgment would come soon.
He is confusing Christ with a new calendar.
It contained various interpretations, ranging from the rather 'topical' to the more 'suggestive': "Now Christ does not know when he will make his final judgment, and this allows the Pope to continue his wicked deeds" ([A Short Dialogue Between Two Meissen Peasants on the Pope's New Calendar], Germany, 1584).
Conflict and confusion surrounding the calendar over 200 years
Social confusion also continued.
The use of two calendars simultaneously in different regions caused confusion in daily life as well as in international trade.
Because the dates they were referring to were different.
In areas where Catholics and Protestants lived together, 'strange' things often happened.
In Catholic homes, Lent has begun, and while Protestants are enjoying Carnival, Protestants are fasting in preparation for Easter, while Catholics are joyfully attending Easter services in the church.
This phenomenon continued for nearly 200 years.
Until now, scientific rationality has been virtually out of the question in the face of the power of social conventions and ideology, 'as far as calendars are concerned.'
The same was true for the French Revolutionary Calendar.
“Isn’t it equally irrational to count the years from the birth of Christ, as it is to name them after the accession of a king? If all weights and measures have been unified on the basis of the decimal system, why can’t we also introduce it for time? Why should our festivals be determined by a decree issued by Pope Gregory 200 years ago? The new civil power must create a completely new, modern calendar, one that is in keeping with scientific phenomena,” he said, and created a new calendar based on the decimal system, but the result was a failure.
This was due to various problems such as public opposition to the change from one day off every seven days to one day off every ten days, as well as difficulties in foreign trade.
So, shouldn't we accept it as a given that the Fascist calendar (created by Mussoloni to show off his personal achievements) and the Soviet calendar (created by Stalin for economic purposes), which originated from more impure motives, never took hold and disappeared?
It started with a simple writing motive,
Looking at it this far, [Calendar and Power] can be said to be a history of science based on the 'calendar' and a social history depicting the conflict and reconciliation process between 'calendar and power'.
However, the author's original motive for writing was simple.
As stated in the preface, this writing project began one day while solving a magazine quiz, asking, "Why on earth do we need calendars? And a new one every year.
It all started with a simple question: "If our schedules were consistent year after year, wouldn't one calendar be enough?" Or, wouldn't it be more convenient to simplify the calendar so it's as easy to remember as the multiplication table? Why does the new year always begin on January 1st?"
I came to question the 'basis' of the calendar, which I can just glance at to check the date or day of the week.
And in the process of trying to find the basis and answer that question, countless calendar-related 'events' unfold that ultimately arouse the reader's curiosity.
The date of birth of Jesus is divided based on the birth of Jesus, but the result is that it is estimated that Jesus was born in 7 BC, not AD 1, from an astronomical or historical perspective, which overturns common sense.
The history of the calendar and the calendar of history
But all of this is viewed within the overall 'history of the calendar'.
From how prehistoric humans measured the year, to the ancient Egyptian, Sumerian, Babylonian, Greek, Jewish, Mayan, and Aztec calendars, the Islamic calendar, the French Revolutionary calendar, the Italian Fascist calendar, the Soviet calendar, and even the world calendar, a single calendar can be used forever, and even the perpetual calendar, all calendars are presented with illustrations and tables.
In the process, we are reminded.
The modern calendar we use today is a historical product of the West, specifically the Christian cultural sphere. We will learn why this calendar had to come into existence, what its principles are, what advantages it has over other calendars, and how this calendar was able to spread throughout the world.
It also raises the question of what the ‘calendar of history’ really is.
Perhaps the answer will vary from reader to reader.
But the aphorism at the beginning of the book states, 'The basic form of all existence is space and time.
And to be outside of time is as absurd as being outside of space' (Friedrich Engels) This will make us look back at 'What the Corinthians call ten days, the Athenians call five, and others call eight' (Aristoxenos).
GOODS SPECIFICS
- Date of issue: July 7, 2015
- Page count, weight, size: 264 pages | 145*210*20mm
- ISBN13: 9788960514911
- ISBN10: 8960514918
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