•  책의 일부 내용을 미리 읽어보실 수 있습니다.
  미리보기

Chapter 01 스포츠의 이해 / 13

1.
스포츠의 어원 ······················································································15
2.
스포츠의 정의: 진화론적 관점 ·····························································16
1) 놀이와 스포츠 ··················································································17
2) 게임 ·································································································23
3) 스포츠 ···························································································24
3.
스포츠의 특성 ······················································································25
1) 허구성 ·····························································································26
2) 비생산성 ··························································································26
3) 불확실성 ··························································································26
4) 제도화된 규칙성 ··············································································27
5) 경쟁성 ·····························································································27
6) 신체적 탁월성 ··················································································28
7) 제도화 ·····························································································28
4.
문명화 과정과 스포츠 ··········································································29
1) 문명화 과정 ·····················································································29
2) 스포츠의 문명화 과정 ······································································30
5.
근대스포츠의 특징 ···············································································31
1) 세속주의(secularism) ·····································································32
2) 평등성(equality) ··············································································32
3) 전문화(specialization) ····································································33
4) 합리화(rationalization) ····································································35
5) 관료화(bureaucratization) ······························································35
6) 수량화(quantification) ····································································36
7) 기록추구(record) ·············································································37

Chapter 02 스포츠사회학 이론 / 39

1.
스포츠와 사회이론 ···············································································41
1) 스포츠사회학에서 이론의 역할 ·························································41
2) 스포츠사회학 이론의 성격 ·······························································42
2.
스포츠사회학의 이론 ············································································43
1) 구조기능론: 스포츠는 삶의 활력소다 ···············································43
2) 갈등론: 스포츠는 아편이다 ······························································49
3) 비판이론: 스포츠는 대중을 기만하는 문화산업이다 ·························58
4) 상징적 상호작용론 ···········································································66
5) 교환이론 ··························································································69

Chapter 03 스포츠와 정치 / 73

1.
스포츠와 정치의 관계 ··········································································75
1) 스포츠와 정치는 무관하다? ·····························································75
2) 왜 스포츠는 정치화되는가? ·····························································76
3) 스포츠와 정치의 관계를 연구하는 두 가지 접근 ·····························80
2.
스포츠와 국내정치: 왜 국가는 스포츠에 관여할까? ·····························82
1) 공공질서 유지 ··················································································82
2) 공정성 보장 및 인권 보호 ·······························································83
3) 건강 및 체력 유지 ··········································································83
4) 지역사회(커뮤니티) 또는 국가의 위상 및 권력 증진 ························83
5) 정체성 및 단합 촉진 ·······································································83
6) 지배적 가치와 이데올로기의 재생산 ················································84
7) 정치 지도자와 정부에 대한 지지 증대 ············································84
8) 경제 및 사회 발전 촉진 ··································································84
3.
국제적 맥락에서 스포츠와 정치 ···························································86
1) 국가의 외교적 활용 ·········································································86
2) 국제 스포츠 거버넌스 ······································································92
4.
스포츠 메가이벤트의 정치학 ································································94
1) 스포츠 메가이벤트 레거시의 신화 ···················································94
2) 스포츠 메가이벤트의 민족주의와 상업주의 ······································99

Chapter 04 스포츠와 경제 / 101

1.
현대 스포츠의 발전에 영향을 미친 사회적 요인 ································103
1) 산업화 ···························································································103
2) 도시화 ···························································································104
3) 교통ㆍ통신의 발달 ·········································································104
2.
스포츠와 상업주의 ·············································································105
1) 상업주의 스포츠 출현의 일반적 사회조건 ······································105
2) 상업주의와 스포츠의 변화 ·····························································106
3.
프로스포츠와 상업주의 ·······································································109
1) 프로스포츠의 경제적 가치 ·····························································109
2) 프로스포츠의 사회적 기능 ·····························································111
3) 프로스포츠 상업화의 다양한 제도와 그 이중성 ·····························112
4.
스포츠 메가 이벤트(Sports mega-event)와 상업주의 ·····················118
1) 스포츠 메가 이벤트의 경제적 가치 ···············································118
2) 우리나라의 스포츠 메가 이벤트 유치와 경제적 효과 ·····················122
5.
우리나라 프로스포츠와 경제 ······························································125
1) 초기 프로스포츠의 탄생 ································································125
2) 프로스포츠의 본격화 ······································································126
3) 우리나라 프로스포츠의 특징 ··························································127

Chapter 05 스포츠와 미디어 / 129

1.
미디어의 이해 ····················································································131
1) 미디어의 역할 ···············································································131
2) 미디어의 분류 ···············································································133
2.
미디어 이론 ·······················································································135
1) 맥루한의 매체이론 ·········································································135
2) 이용과 충족이론 ············································································137
3) 사회범주 이론 ···············································································138
4) 네트워크 사회 이론 ·······································································139
5) 문화연구 이론 ···············································································140
3.
미디어스포츠의 효과 ··········································································142
4.
미디어스포츠의 탄생 ··········································································144
1) 미디어스포츠의 개념 ······································································144
2) 스포츠와 미디어의 만남 ································································144
3) TV의 등장과 스포츠 ······································································145
4) 스포츠 메가 이벤트(sports mega-event)의 미디어 이벤트화 ·····146
5) 한국 미디어스포츠의 발전 과정 ·····················································148
5.
스포츠와 대중매체의 상호작용 ···························································152
1) 스포츠가 미디어에 미치는 영향 ·····················································152
2) 미디어가 스포츠에 미치는 영향 ·····················································153
6.
미디어스포츠의 이데올로기 전파 ························································154
1) 자본주의 이데올로기 ······································································155
2) 성차별 이데올로기 ·········································································155
3) 성공 이데올로기 ············································································156
4) 영웅 이데올로기 ············································································156
5) 기타 이데올로기 ············································································157
7.
스포츠 저널리즘과 윤리 ·····································································157

Chapter 06 스포츠와 교육 및 육성 / 159

1.
스포츠 교육과 육성의 이해 ································································161
2.
스포츠육성이란? ·················································································162
1) 스포츠개발 ·····················································································163
2) 스포츠교육 ·····················································································163
3) 스포츠정책 ·····················································································163
3.
스포츠육성의 목적 ·············································································165
1) 스포츠 그 자체의 발전(Development of Sport) ························165
2) 스포츠를 통한 사회의 발전(Development through Sport) ········166
4.
스포츠육성의 모델 ·············································································166
1) 피라미드 모델 ···············································································167
2) 낙수효과(trickle-down effects) 모델 ·········································167
3) 선순환 모델 ···················································································167
4) 선순환 모델에 대한 비판 ······························································168
5) 스포츠육성의 실제 ·········································································172
5.
스포츠육성의 주체: 스포츠육성 거버넌스 ···········································174
1) 정부: 위계적 관계 ·········································································176
2) 시장: 경쟁 관계 ············································································176
3) 시민사회: 호혜적, 자발적, 네트워크 관계 ·····································177
4) 스포츠 거버넌스의 혼종성과 정치성 ··············································178
6.
한국 스포츠육성 시스템의 현재와 전망 ·············································179
1) 교육 평등의 의미와 단계 ······························································179
2) 학교관료제에 의존하는 위계적 시스템 ···········································181
3) 한국의 스포츠육성을 규정하는 두 가지 제도 ································184
4) 스포츠육성의 관료적 장치들 ··························································186
5) 한국 스포츠육성 시스템의 문제 ·····················································189
6) 개선의 시도와 한계 ·······································································193

Chapter 07 스포츠 사회화 / 199

1.
스포츠 사회화의 의미 ········································································201
2.
사회화 이론 ·······················································································202
1) 사회학습이론(social learning theory) ·········································202
2) 역할이론(role theory) ··································································202
3) 준거집단이론(reference group theory) ······································203
3.
스포츠 사회화의 과정 ········································································203
1) 스포츠로의 사회화 ·········································································204
2) 스포츠를 통한 사회화 ··································································208
3) 스포츠에서의 탈사회화 ··································································212
4) 스포츠로의 재사회화 ······································································213

Chapter 08 스포츠와 사회계층 / 215

1.
계층이란? ···························································································217
1) 마르크스의 계급: 경제가 계급을 규정한다 ····································217
2) 베버의 계층(stratification): 계층은 다층적이다 ····························218
3) 부르디외의 계급: 경제, 문화, 사회적 자본 ···································219
2.
스포츠의 사회계층적 특성 ··································································221
1) Tumin의 사회계층의 다섯 가지 특성 ···········································222
2) 구성주의가 말하는 스포츠의 사회구성성 ·······································225
3.
사회계층과 스포츠 참가 ·····································································227
1) 경제적, 사회문화적 차이에 따른 스포츠 참여 ·······························227
2) 부르디외의 계급에 따른 스포츠 참여 ············································229
4.
스포츠와 계층이동 ·············································································235
1) 계층이동의 유형 ············································································236
2) 계층이동 기제로서 스포츠의 역할 ·················································236

Chapter 09 스포츠와 젠더 / 239

1.
젠더 이해하기 ····················································································241
1) 젠더의 사회적 구성 ·······································································241
2) 젠더의 사회적 특성 ·······································································242
2.
젠더불평등을 바라보는 다양한 시선 ··················································246
1) 자유주의 페미니즘 ·········································································246
2) 마르크스주의 페미니즘 ··································································248
3) 급진주의 페미니즘 ·········································································250
4) 남성 페미니즘 ···············································································252
3.
스포츠 젠더 불평등의 실제 ································································255
1) 여성의 스포츠 참여의 불평등 ························································255
2) 여성선수에 대한 불평등한 보상 ·····················································258
3) 여성지도자의 취업 불평등 ·····························································259
4) 스포츠의 이분법적 성별 구분 ························································261
4.
차별적 젠더 이데올로기의 재생산 ······················································263
1) 젠더불평등 이데올로기의 형성: 편견들 ··········································263
2) 젠더불평등 이데올로기의 유포: 미디어 ··········································266
3) 스포츠의 젠더불평등 이데올로기의 재생산: 스포츠 ·······················266

Chapter 10 스포츠와 일탈 / 269

1.
스포츠 일탈의 이해 ···········································································271
1) 스포츠 일탈의 접근방법 ······························································272
2) 스포츠일탈의 유형 ·········································································275
3) 스포츠윤리와 일탈적 과잉동조 ······················································276
2.
스포츠 일탈의 사회학적 이론 ····························································278
1) 구조기능주의 관점 ·········································································279
2) 갈등론적 관점 ···············································································282
3) 상호작용론적 관점 ·········································································285
3.
스포츠 일탈의 기능 ···········································································287
1) 스포츠 일탈의 역기능 ····································································287
2) 스포츠 일탈의 순기능 ····································································288
4.
스포츠 일탈 행동의 유형 ···································································289
1) 폭력 ······························································································289
2) 부정행위 ······················································································292
3) 범죄행위 ························································································293
4) 도핑 ······························································································293
5.
스포츠 일탈 행동 연구의 사례: 승부조작에 대한 이론적 접근 ··········294
1) 승부조작이란? ···············································································294
2) 승부조작의 종류 ············································································295
3) 승부조작에 대한 이론적 접근법 ·····················································297

Chapter 11 스포츠와 집합행동 / 305

1.
스포츠 관중행동의 이해 ·····································································307
1) 스포츠 관중의 유형 ·······································································307
2) 스포츠 관중행동의 순기능 ·····························································308
3) 스포츠 관중행동의 역기능 ·····························································308
2.
스포츠 관중행동의 유형 ·····································································309
1) 쟁점성 관중행동 ············································································309
2) 무쟁점성 관중행동 ·········································································309
3.
스포츠 집합행동의 실제 ·····································································310
1) 카니발적 집합행동 ·········································································310
2) 폭력적 집합행동 ············································································311
4.
집합행동의 이해 ·················································································315
1) 폭력적 집합행동의 원인 ································································315
2) 집합행동에 관한 이론적 이해 ························································317
3) 폭력적 집합행동에 대한 이론적 이해 ············································320
5.
폭력적 집합행동 통제 전략 ································································324

Chapter 12 스포츠와 사회조직 / 327

1.
스포츠 집단의 이해 ···········································································329
1) 스포츠 집단의 정의 ·······································································329
2) 스포츠 집단의 지위와 역할 ···························································330
3) 스포츠 집단의 분류 ·······································································332
4) 스포츠 집단의 형성과 발전 ···························································333
2.
스포츠와 사회조직 ···········································································336
1) 스포츠 조직의 이해 ·······································································336
2) 스포츠 조직의 구조적 특성 ···························································336
3) 스포츠 조직의 유형과 수준 ···························································338
4) 스포츠 조직의 문화적 특징 ···························································339
3.
국제스포츠조직의 이해 ·······································································340
1) 국제올림픽위원회(IOC) ································································340
2) 국가올림픽위원회(NOC) ································································342
3) 국제경기연맹(IFs) ··········································································343
4.
국내스포츠조직의 이해 ·······································································344
1) 문화체육관광부 ··············································································344
2) 대한체육회 ·····················································································344
3) 국민체육진흥공단 ···········································································346

Chapter 13 스포츠와 세계화 / 349

1.
스포츠 세계화의 이해 ········································································351
1) 스포츠의 세계화의 정의 ································································351
2) 근대스포츠의 전파 ·········································································352
2.
스포츠 세계화의 동인 ········································································355
1) 제국주의(Imperialism) ··································································356
2) 민족주의 ························································································358
3) 종교 ······························································································360
4) 테크놀로지의 진보 ·········································································360
3.
신자유주의 시대의 스포츠 ································································361
1) 신자유주의적 세계화의 이해 ··························································361
2) 스포츠의 신자유주의적 세계화 ······················································362
3) 신자유주의적 세계화의 그림자 ······················································363
4) 신자유주의 시대의 문화제국주의 ·················································364

스포츠사회학은 스포츠세계에 존재하는 수많은 담론에 주목한다.
왜냐하면 담론안에는 이유와 목적이 있기 때문이다.
대다수의 사람들은 스포츠가 생산해 내는 담론에 그다지 비판적이지 않다.
그저 그런가보다 하고 받아들일 뿐이다.
하지만 찬찬히 들여다보면 수많은 오류와 편견에 사로잡혀있는 경우가 허다하다.
하지만, 스포츠사회학은 이를 거부하고 다시 한번 생각해 보기를 권한다.
‘그게 진짜 사실일까?’, ‘그렇다면 왜 그럴까?’ 스포츠사회학은 사회학을 모(母)학문으로 하는 응용학문에 속한다.
따라서 스포츠사회학의 대다수 지식체계는 사회학에 의존한다.
따라서 스포츠사회학을 이해하기 위해서는 사회학이 어떤 학문인지를 이해하는 것이 필요하다.

먼저, 사회학은 개인이 아닌 개인들의 집합체인 사회에 대해 관심을 갖는다.
그리고 사회 내에서 이루어지는 관계, 즉 사회적 관계의 성격, 원인과 결과 및 개인과 집단간의 상호작용을 연구한다.
또한 이러한 상호작용에서 비롯되는 풍습, 구조, 제도에 대한 연구와 그것들을 서로 결합시키거나 약화시키는 모든 세력과 집단, 그리고 조직에 대한 참여가 개인의 행동과 성격에 미치는 영향에 대해서도 관심을 갖는다.
사회학은 부분적으로든 보편적으로든 사회의 기본적 성격 그리고 지속성을 유지하거나 변동을 일으키는 사회적 과정과 연관되어 있다.
인간의 행동을 규제하는 것은 바로 사회적 생활이며 제도화된 사회적 형식은 인간의 행동에 중요한 영향을 미친다.
따라서 사회학은 이러한 형식들이 어떤 방식으로 수립되고 발전하며 상호작용하고 소멸되어가는가에 대해서 뿐만이 아니라 개인들에게 어떻게 작용하는가를 탐구한다.


둘째, 사회학의 기본 마인드는 미국의 사회학자 라이트 밀즈(C.
W. Mills)가 제시한 ‘사회학적 상상력(The Sociological Imagination)’에 있다.
여기서 ‘사회학적 상상력’은 어떤 사회적 현상에 대한 인식이나 이해를 단선적으로 하는 것이 아니라 관련 주제를 확대해 가는 방식으로 이해하는 것이다.
이 경우 한 구성원의 행위를 사회 구조와 연관 지어 확장해 나가는 것도 포함된다.
예를 들면 청년실업 문제에 대한 해답을 취업을 못한 청년들 개개인에게서 찾을게 아니라 자본의 효율성만을 추구하는 기업과 이를 지지하는 사회적 제도에서 발견하려는 태도를 의미한다.
이러한 사회학적 상상력은 늘 익숙하게 자리 잡은 일상에서 한발 떨어져 대상을 새롭게 바라보려는 비판적이고 성찰적인 태도에서 출발한다.
스포츠사회학은 사회학의 기본적인 태도와 지식을 바탕으로 스포츠를 둘러싼 환경 속에서 맺어지는 사회적 관계와 현상을 비판적 시선을 통해 재해석하려는 학문이다.
스포츠사회학은 스포츠 세계에서 발생되는 다양한 일들은 우리가 살고 있는 사회제도와 무관하지 않다고 가정한다.
다시 말해서 스포츠 현상은 스포츠 내에서만 발생되는 독자적인 현상이 아니라 정치, 경제, 교육 등 일반 사회의 다양한 제도들과 밀접한 관계를 맺으며 상호 영향을 주고받는다는 것이다.
이러한 이유로 스포츠사회학은 영어로 ‘Sport Sociology’가 아닌 ‘Sociology of Sport’로 표기한다.

스포츠사회학을 처음 접하는 사람들에게 스포츠사회학의 이해를 돕는 좋은 방법 중 하나는 스포츠심리학과 비교해 보는 것이다.
일반적으로 스포츠심리학은 개인의 행위(behavior)와 관련된 인간 내면의 특성과 과정을 주요 대상으로 삼는다.
따라서 주로 동기, 지각, 인지, 자아 존중감, 자신감, 태도, 인성 등을 주로 다룬다.
또한 스포츠심리학은 커뮤니케이션, 리더십 그리고 사회적 영향 등과 같은 개인 상호 간의 역동적인 관계에 대해 연구하지만, 이는 대개 그러한 관계적 특성 및 과정이 개인 내면에 존재하는 특성과 과정에 어떻게 영향을 미치는지에 중점을 두게 된다.


반면 스포츠사회학은 사람들이 삶을 살아가는 사회적 맥락(social contexts) 속에서 행위와의 관계에 더 주목한다.
즉, 스포츠사회학은 개인 외부와 개인을 둘러싼 실재(reality)에 초점을 두며 사람들이 어떻게 다른 사람과 관계를 형성하고, 또한 자신들의 삶에 의미를 주고 스스로의 삶을 통제하게 되는 사회적 방식을 어떻게 형성하지에 관심을 갖는다.
따라서 스포츠사회학은 사회계급, 젠더, 인종, 민족, 국가 등과 관련된 사회적 의미와 역학관계에 초점을 두게 된다.