01 Growth and Development _15

1.1 Definition and Purpose of Pediatric Nursing ·············· 1 7
1.
Concept _17
2.
Purpose _17
3.
Social Trends in Pediatric Nursing _17
4.
The Role of Pediatric Nurses _18
5.
Child Abuse _18
6.
History of Pediatric Nursing _21
7.
End-of-Life Care for Children _21
1.2 Understanding Growth and Development ·················· 2 2
1.
Concept _22
2.
Principles of Growth and Development _22
3.
Temperament _25
4.
Growth and Development Stage Classification _26
5.
Child Health Assessment _27
6.
Child Development and Play _38
7.
Medication Management _38
8.
Sex Education by Developmental Stage _41
1.3 Stage-by-stage growth and development ································ 4 1
1.
Infancy _41
2.
Infancy _56
3.
Pre-school age _68
4.
School Age _72
5.
Adolescence _78

02 Newborn _89

2.1 Physiological characteristics of newborns ············ 9 1
1.
Body Temperature Regulation _91
2.
Blood System _92
3.
Circulatory System _93
4.
Respiratory System _94
5.
Gastrointestinal system _95
6.
Sensory System _96
7.
Urinary System _97
8.
Immune System _98
2.2 Normal Neonatal Assessment ··························· 9 8
1. APGAR score _98
2.
Detail _99
3.
Skin _99
4.
Vital Signs _101
5.
Body Measurements _102
6.
Specific Physical Circumstances _103
2.3 Normal Newborn Nursing Interventions ····················· 1 1 1
1.
Open Airway Maintenance _111
2.
Maintaining Body Temperature _111
3.
Eye Care _112
4.
Discharge Nursing _112
5.
Vit.
K injection _112
6.
Bath _112
7.
Diaper Rash _113
8.
Hepatitis B Vaccination _113
2.4 Breastfeeding ·························· 1 1 4
1.
Implementation period _114
2.
Benefits of Breastfeeding _115
3.
Newborn Feeding Precautions _115
4.
How to Store Breast Milk _115
5.
Breastfeeding Contraindications _116

03 High-Risk Newborns _123

3.1 Classification of High-Risk Neonates ···················· 1 2 5
1.
Classification by weight _125
2.
Classification by Gestational Age _125
3.2 Characteristics by gestational age ·················· 1 2 6
1.
Premature Baby _126
2.
Postmature Baby _129
3.3 Digestive Disorders ································ 1 3 0
1.
Cleft Lip/Palate _130
2.
Tracheoesophageal fistula/esophageal atresia _133
3.
Anorectal Malformations _135
4.
Physiological Jaundice _136
5.
Pathological jaundice _136
3.4 Blood Disorders ······················· 1 3 8
1.
Hemolytic disease of the newborn _138
3.5 Respiratory Disorders ······································· 1 4 0
1.
Apnea_140
2.
Respiratory distress syndrome _140
3.
Respiratory Complications_142
3.6 Cardiovascular disorders ···································· 1 4 4
1.
Congenital Heart Disease _144
2.
Noncyanotic congenital heart disease _145
3.
Cyanotic congenital heart disease _152
3.7 Urogenital Disorders ················ 1 5 7
1.
Cryptorchidism _157
2.
Hydrocele _157
3.
Hypospadias _158
3.8 Neurological disorders ······················· 1 5 9
1.
Spina Bifida _159
3.9 Birth Injuries ·································· 1 6 3
1.
Extracranial hemorrhage _163
2.
Upper limb paralysis _164
3.
Clavicle Fracture _164
4.
Facial nerve paralysis _165
5.
Death and Retribution _166
3.10 Musculoskeletal Disorders ······································ 1 6 7
1.
Clubfoot_167
2.
Developmental (Congenital) Hip Dysplasia _168
3.11 Infection ································ 1 7 1
1.
Neonatal Sepsis _171
2.
Necrotizing enterocolitis _172
3.
Candida _174
3.12 High Risk Associated with Maternal Factors ································ 1 7 5
1.
Newborn of a diabetic mother _175
2.
Drug-exposed newborns _176
3.13 Congenital metabolic disorders ························· 1 7 7
1.
Inborn errors of metabolism _177
2.
Congenital Hypothyroidism _177
3.
Phenylketonuria _178
4.
Galactosemia_180
3.14 Hereditary Diseases ······································· 1 8 1
1.
Down Syndrome _181
2.
Trisomy 18_183
3.
Turner Syndrome _183

04 Digestive Disorders _193

4.1 Water-electrolyte imbalance ························ 1 9 5
1.
Why Infants' Water Balance Is So Easily Disrupted _195
2.
Distribution of body fluids in children _195
3.
Water Requirements by Weight _195
4.
Dehydration _195
5.
Overhydration _197
4.2 Symptoms of Digestive Disorders ······················ 1 9 8
1.
Vomiting _198
2.
Diarrhea _199
3.
Labor pain _200
4.
Rumination _201
4.3 Closed Disorders ······································ 2 0 2
1.
Congenital pyloric stenosis _202
2.
Intussusception _204
3.
Biliary Atresia_205
4.
Intestinal obstruction _206
4.4 Structural Impairment ······································ 2 0 7
1.
Gastroesophageal Reflux _207
2.
Diaphragmatic hernia _208
3.
Inguinal hernia _209
4.
Congenital megacolon _210
4.5 Inflammatory Disorders ·················· 2 1 1
1.
Acute Appendicitis _211
2.
Ulcerative Colitis _213
4.6 Absorption and Nutritional Disorders ····························· 2 1 4
1.
Malabsorption Syndrome _214
2.
Kwashiorkor _215
3.
Consumption _215
4.
Vitamin Deficiency _216
5.
Iodine Deficiency _216
6.
Growth Disorders _217
7.
Infant Obesity _217
4.7 Dental Health ····················· 2 1 8
1.
Dental Caries _218
2.
Malocclusion _218
4.8 Addiction ·················· 2 1 9
1.
Addiction Nursing Intervention _219
2.
Lead Poisoning _219
3.
Aspirin Poisoning_220
4.
Corrosive Substance Poisoning_220
4.9 Parasitic Infections ···································· 2 2 1
1.
Enterobacteriaceae _221

05 Urogenital Disorders _227

5.1 Urinary Tract Infection ······················· 2 2 9
1.
Definition _229
2.
Feature _229
3.
Cause _229
4.
Symptom _230
5.
Diagnosis _230
6.
Treatment _230
7.
Nursing Intervention _230
5.2 Structural Impairment ···································· 2 3 1
1.
Obstructive Urinary Tract Disease _231
2.
Vesicoureteral reflux _231
5.3 Acute glomerulonephritis ·············· 2 3 3
1.
Feature _233
2.
Cause _233
3.
Symptom _233
4.
Diagnosis _234
5.
Treatment _234
6.
Nursing Intervention _234
5.4 Nephrotic Syndrome ············ 2 3 4
1.
Feature _234
2.
Cause _235
3.
Pathophysiology _235
4.
Symptom _235
5.
Diagnosis _236
6.
Treatment _236
7.
Nursing Intervention _236
5.5 Acute renal failure ······································ 2 3 7
1.
Feature _237
2.
Cause _237
3.
Pathophysiology _237
4.
Symptom _238
5.
Treatment _238
6.
Nursing Intervention _238
5.6 Reproductive dysfunction ············ 2 3 9
1.
Vulvovaginitis _239
2.
Gynecomastia _239

06 Respiratory Disorders _243

6.1 Upper Respiratory Infections ······································· 2 4 5
1.
Infant and Toddler Respiratory Characteristics _245
2.
Acute nasopharyngitis _245
3.
Acute Pharyngitis _246
4.
Tonsillitis _248
5.
Otitis media _251
6.
Sinusitis _253
6.2 Lower respiratory tract infections ·················· 2 5 5
1.
Bronchitis _255
2.
Bronchiolitis _255
3.
Pneumonia _256
6.3 Croup Syndrome ·················· 2 5 8
1.
Comparison of Croup Syndromes _258
2.
Acute epiglottitis _259
3.
Acute laryngotracheobronchitis _260
6.4 Disorders caused by non-infectious substances ················· 2 6 1
1.
Foreign body aspiration _261
2.
Aspiration Pneumonia _262
3.
Lipid pneumonia _262
6.5 Chronic and Other Disabilities ······················· 2 6 3
1.
Asthma _263
2.
Tuberculosis _267
3.
Epistaxis _271
6.6 Unexplained Disorders ················ 2 7 1
1.
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome _271
2.
Infant Apnea _272

07 Cardiovascular Disorders _277

7.1 Acquired Heart Disorders ··························· 2 7 9
1.
Infective endocarditis _279
2.
Acute Rheumatic Fever _281
7.2 Vascular dysfunction ······························· 2 8 4
1.
Allergic purpura, Henoch-Schönlein purpura _284
2.
Kawasaki disease _285

08 Blood and Cell Disorders _291

8.1 Anemia ······························· 2 9 3
1.
Anemia _293
2.
Iron Deficiency Anemia _294
3.
Sickle Cell Disease, Sickle Cell Disease _295
8.2 Coagulation disorders ········· 2 9 7
1.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation _297
2.
Hemophilia _298
3.
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura _300
8.3 Cellular Disorders ············ 3 0 2
1.
Leukemia _302
2.
Brain Tumor _306
3.
Neuroblastoma _309
4.
nephroblastoma _311
5.
Osteosarcoma _312
6.
Rhabdomyosarcoma _313

09 Endocrine Disorders _319

9.1 Pancreatic Disorders ······················ 3 2 1
1.
Diabetes _321
9.2 Anterior pituitary gland disorders ······················· 3 2 7
1.
Precocious puberty _327
9.3 Posterior pituitary gland disorders ······················· 3 2 7
1.
Diabetes insipidus _327
2.
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion _329

10 Protective Mechanism Disorders _333

10.1 Autoimmune Inflammatory Diseases ································· 3 3 5
1.
Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis _335
2.
Systemic lupus erythematosus _336
10.2 Allergic Diseases····························· 3 3 8
1.
Atopic dermatitis _338
2.
Allergic rhinitis _340
10.3 Skin Disorders ·················· 3 4 0
1.
Bacterial infection _340
2.
Contact dermatitis _341
3.
Acne _341
4.
Other skin lesions _342
10.4 Infectious Disorders ················································· 3 4 3
1.
Chickenpox _343
2.
Diphtheria _346
3.
Measles _347
4.
Things to see_349
5.
Rubella _351
6.
Whooping Cough _352
7.
Scarlet fever _354
8.
Polio, Gray Beard _356
9.
Hand, Foot, and Volleyball _358
10.
Tetanus _359
11.
Encephalitis _361
12.
Hepatitis A_362
13.
Stomatitis _363
14.
Conjunctivitis _364
15.
Jang Mi-jin _365

11 Neurological and Cognitive Disorders _371

11.1 Febrile convulsions ······················· 3 7 3
1.
Pathophysiology _373
2.
Feature _373
3.
Symptom _373
4.
Treatment and Nursing _373
11.2 Seizures ······························ 3 7 4
1.
Cause _374
2.
Pathophysiology _374
3.
Partial seizures _374
4.
Generalized seizure _375
5.
Diagnosis _375
6.
Treatment _375
7.
Nursing Intervention _376
8.
Safety Strategies for Children with Seizure Disorders _376
11.3 Hydrocephalus ······························· 3 7 7
1.
Definition and Characteristics _377
2.
Symptom _377
3.
Treatment _378
4.
Preoperative Nursing _378
5.
Postoperative Care _378
11.4 Infection ······························ 3 7 9
1.
Meningitis _379
2.
Reye's Syndrome _381
3.
Guillain-Barré Syndrome _382
11.5 Cerebral Palsy ······················ 3 8 4
1.
Cerebral Palsy _384
11.6 Cognitive Impairment (Intellectual Disability) ······················· 3 8 6
1.
Cognitive Impairment, Intellectual Disability _386

12 Sensorimotor dysfunction _391

12.1 Sensory Impairment ············ 3 9 3
1.
Hearing Impairment _393
2.
Visual Impairment _395
12.2 Fractures ··············· 396
1.
Fracture Characteristics in Children _396
2.
Treatment _398
12.3 Congenital and infectious disorders ··············· 4 0 1
1.
Cost-effective large-scale muscular dystrophy _401
2.
Osteomyelitis _401
12.4 Growth-related disorders ················ 4 0 2
1.
Leg Disease _402
2.
Kyphosis _404
3.
Kyphosis _404
4.
Scoliosis _405

13 Psychosocial Disorders _411

13.1 Mental Health Disorders ················································ 4 1 3
1.
Learning Disabilities _413
2.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder _413
3.
Habitual Disorders _415
4.
Conduct Disorder _416
5.
School Phobia _417
6.
Conversion Disorder _417
7.
Depression _417
8.
Excretory Disorders _418
9.
Drug Abuse _419
13.2 Eating Disorders ··················· 4 2 1
1.
Anorexia nervosa _421
2.
Bulimia Nervosa _422
3.
Obesity _423
13.3 Juvenile Delinquency ································· 4 2 4
1.
Cause _424
2.
Feature _424
3.
Nursing Intervention _424

＊ INDEX ························ 4 2 8

preface

We send our encouragement to prospective nurses across the country preparing for the 66th National Nurses' Examination.


For those of you who are simultaneously studying extensively and completing 1,000 hours of hospital practice in preparation for midterms, finals, and the national exam, we have compiled the "Pacific Nurse National Exam Preparation Concept Book" with the intention of helping you prepare more efficiently.

The difficulty level of the 2025 National Nursing Examination is intermediate to high, and the questions are designed to not deviate significantly from the framework of previous national exams. However, questions were also asked about concepts that had been on national exams in the past but have not appeared recently, as well as minor concepts that were not covered in previous exams.
Of course, these concepts are not so important as to determine whether you pass or fail the exam. Therefore, if you study through the "Pacific Nursing National Exam Concept Book," which contains all the previous exam questions and many of the necessary concepts, you will be able to sufficiently learn the concepts that will appear on the national exam.

"Pacific Nursing National Exam Preparation Concept Book" analyzes the latest exam trends, adds newly tested concepts, and organizes and summarizes frequently appearing concepts for easy understanding.
Furthermore, it is a comprehensive concept book that includes memorization tips and in-depth content for concepts that are easily confused or misunderstood.
Throughout the concept explanations, we have included TIP boxes and true/false quizzes to help you master the content that frequently appears in past exams and that you need to know clearly.
Additionally, at the end of each chapter, we have summarized the key content to ensure that you are fully familiar with frequently-used and important concepts.

The 2026 National Nursing Exam Preparation Concept Book, "Pacific Nursing Exam Preparation Concept Book," is a highly complete concept book that combines the latest trends in nursing exam questions with nursing theories and concepts accumulated over 20 years.
Because this is a concept book with extensive content, we have organized the table of contents in detail so that you can see the overall content development by subject at a glance and refer to it when needed.
We have revised and supplemented laws and policies that will be revised and implemented in 2025 to match the effective date. We have also made every effort to include diverse theories and concepts by referencing the latest revised textbooks and literature to additionally describe any new or changed concepts, even if they are minor, in the concept books for each subject.

As the national exam approaches, I deeply sympathize with your growing anxiety and impatience, and your fear that the questions will be different from those in previous exams or that they will be more difficult.
Even so, I hope you will trust in yourselves that you will be able to build a solid foundation with Pacific.
In preparation for the 2026 National Nurse Exam, thoroughly study the latest trends and concepts through the 『Pacific Nurse Exam Preparation Concept Book』, apply those concepts to the problems in the 『Pacific Nurse Exam Preparation Problem Book』 to acquire problem-solving skills and a sense of reality, and then use the 『Cheon-gi-nuseol』 mini book to review any concepts you missed. If you do so, you will be able to pour out the skills you have built up so far on the National Nurse Exam without regret.
Pacific sincerely wishes you success and success.

Pacific Academic Compilation Bureau, March 2025