Preface? 2

Chapter 1: Air and Our Lives 15
▣ What is air? 15
▣ How was the primitive atmosphere formed? 16
▣ Why does carbon dioxide, the main component of the primitive atmosphere, make up such a small proportion of the current atmosphere? 17
▣ How did the current nitrogen and oxygen composition come about? 18
▣ What are the components of the atmosphere? 19
▣ Is the volume ratio of air components constant as you ascend higher into the sky? 20
▣ How are atmospheric components used in real life? 21
▣ Does air have weight and volume? 22
▣ How is the atmosphere divided? 24
▣ How does air pressure (atmospheric pressure) change as you climb higher in the sky? 25
▣ What is the ionosphere? 26
▣ Why do auroras appear? 26
▣ What is standard atmosphere? 27
▣ Let's learn about various meteorological phenomena that appear depending on altitude, observation equipment, and examples of their use in real life. 28
▣ Let's learn how air is used in our lives 29
Fun Exploration Activity (Air in a Cookie Bag) 30
Fun Exploration Activity (The Existence of Air) 31
Fun Exploration Activity (The Plank That Doesn't Fall) 32
Fun Exploration Activity (Breaking a Block of Wood) 33
Fun Exploration Activity (Comparing the Weight of Air with a Two-Arm Scale) 34
Fun Exploration Activity (Paper Boat That Stays Dry Even in Water) 35
Fun Exploration Activity (Candle That Won't Go Out Even When You Blow It Out) 36
Fun Exploration Activities (Structure of the Earth) 37
Fun Exploration Activity (Structure of the Atmosphere) 38
Fun Exploration Activity (Measuring Oxygen in the Air) 40
Fun Exploration Activity (Unrolling a Crumpled Ping-Pong Ball) 42
Fun Exploration Activity (Removing Overlapping Glass Cups) 43
Fun Exploration Activity (Fractions) 44
Fun Exploration Activity (The Cup That Doesn't Fall) 45
Fun Exploration Activity (Plastic Bottle Crushing) 46
Fun Exploration Activity (Balloon Transformation) 47
Fun Exploration Activities (Examples of How Air is Used in Our Lives) 48

Chapter 2: Solar Energy and Temperature 49
▣ What is Energy? 49
▣ Why does the stove feel hot when I touch it? 50
▣ What are the ways in which heat is transferred? 51
▣ How does solar energy reach us? 52
▣ How much radiant energy does the sun emit? 52
▣ How much solar radiation energy does the Earth receive? 52
▣ What is albedo? 53
▣ Why is the weather hot in summer and cold in winter? 54
▣ What are the relevant laws? 54
▣ What is Earth Radiation Energy? 56
▣ What properties do gases in the atmosphere have? 57
▣ What is the greenhouse effect? ​​57
▣ Why isn't the Earth's temperature rising any further? 58
▣ Why is radiation equilibrium not achieved at each latitude? 59
▣ Is it true that the Earth is getting warmer (global warming)? 61
▣ What is temperature? 61
▣ What types of thermometers are used for weather observation? 62
▣ Which will heat up faster: the land or the sea? 64
▣ In what weather conditions does the daily temperature range become larger? 65
▣ What factors affect temperature? 65
▣ The climate of the East Coast has a larger annual temperature range and more rain in the summer than that of the West Coast. Why is the annual temperature range of Gangneung, located on the East Coast, smaller than that of Seoul? 68
▣ Why is the temperature highest around 2 p.m. during the day? 68
▣ Let's learn how solar energy is used in our lives 69
Fun Exploration Activities (Copy) 71
Fun Exploration Activity (Solar Radiation Spectrum) 73
Fun Exploration Activity (Finding the Solar Constant) 74
Fun Exploration Activity (Radiation Equilibrium) 76
Fun Exploration Activity (Radiant Equilibrium by Latitude) 78
Fun Exploration Activity (Making a Simple Thermometer) 80
Fun Exploration Activity (Greenhouse Effect) 81

Chapter 3: Water Vapor in the Air and Adiabatic Changes 83
▣ Let's learn about the amount of water vapor in the air (water vapor pressure) 83
▣ What is the saturated vapor pressure curve? 85
▣ How much energy is required for water to change state? 86
▣ How does water circulate? 87
▣ What is humidity? 88
▣ How does the temperature we perceive differ depending on temperature and humidity? 89
▣ What are the concepts that represent the amount of water vapor? 90
▣ What is adiabatic change? 93
▣ Let's look at the insulation changes by looking at Figures (a) and (b). 94
▣ What is the insulation loss rate? 95
▣ What is a high wind? 96
▣ What is atmospheric stability? 99
▣ What is an inversion layer? 104
▣ What types of reverse layers are there? 105
▣ What are some of the phenomena caused by the inversion layer? 107
▣ How does the shape of chimney smoke change depending on the stability of the atmosphere? 108
▣ Let's find out how water vapor in the air affects our lives 109
Fun Exploration Activity (Comparing the Amount of Water Vapor in the Air) 110
Fun Exploration Activity (Water Cycle) 111
Fun Exploration Activity (Measuring Humidity) 113
Fun Exploration Activity (Atmospheric Stability and Smoke Dispersion) 115
Fun Exploration Activity (Atmospheric Stability) 116
Fun Exploration Activity (Relationship between Saturated Water Vapor and Temperature) 118
Fun Exploration Activity (Making a Psychrometer) 119
Fun Exploration Activity (Dew Point Measurement) 121

Chapter 4: Pressure and Wind 123
▣ What is air pressure (atmospheric pressure)? 123
▣ How is air pressure measured? 123
▣ What instruments are available to measure air pressure? 124
▣ How can we find air pressure? 125
▣ What are high and low pressure systems? 127
▣ Why do high and low pressure systems form? 128
▣ What are some high-pressure areas? 129
▣ What are some low-pressure areas? 129
▣ Let's learn about 'typhoons', which bring us both harm and benefit 129
▣ Why does damage always occur mainly on the right side of a typhoon? 132
▣ How are typhoons named? 133
▣ Why does the wind blow? 135
▣ What types of wind are there? 139
▣ Let's learn how the atmosphere's circulation takes place 145
▣ How are westerly waves generated? 146
▣ How do westerly waves affect terrestrial weather? 147
▣ How are atmospheric pressure and wind used in our lives? 149
Fun Exploration Activity (Broken Thread) 150
Fun Exploration Activity (Air Pressure) 151
Fun Exploration Activity (Making a Simple Barometer) 152
Fun Exploration Activity (Making a Simple Weather Vane) 153
Fun Exploration Activity (Making a Simple Anemometer) 155
Fun Exploration Activity (Siphon) 157
Fun Exploration Activity (Egg Peeling) 158
Fun Exploration Activity (Uncontrollable Bottle Cap) 159
Fun Exploration Activity (Flask Fountain) 160
Fun Exploration Activity (Lifting the Cup) 161
Fun Exploration Activity (Retrieving Coins from Water) 162
Fun Exploration Activity (Inedible Juice Bottle) 163
Fun Exploration Activity (Blowing Up a Balloon in a Coke Bottle) 164
Fun Exploration Activity (Blowing Up a Balloon in a Bottle) 165
Fun Exploration Activity (Bounce Cork) 166
Fun Exploration Activity (Egg Cannon) 167
Fun Exploration Activity (Inflatable Balloon and Kissing Cup) 168
Fun Exploration Activity (Crumpled Tin Can) 169
Fun Exploration Activity (Making Your Own Potato Noodles) 170
Fun Exploration Activity (Paper Lover) 171
Fun Exploration Activities (We're Inseparable) 172
Fun Exploration Activity (Stick to Your Tongue) 173
Fun Exploration Activity (Bottle Water Gun) 174
Fun Exploration Activity (Moving the Ball) 175
Fun Exploration Activity (Air Lifting Water) 176
Fun Exploration Activity (Move the Ping Pong Ball) 177
Fun Exploration Activity (Blowing a Ping-Pong Ball in a Funnel) 178
Fun Exploration Activity (Fly Spraying) 179
Fun Exploration Activity (Why Boomerangs Float) 180
Fun Exploration Activity (Floating Balloons) 181
Fun Exploration Activity (Yogurt Sprayer) 182
Fun Exploration Activity (Ping-Pong Ball in Running Tap Water) 183
Fun Exploration Activity (Name the Wind) 184
Fun Exploration Activities (Conversion 1) 185
Fun Exploration Activities (Conversion 2) 187
Fun Exploration Activity (Making a Tornado) 189
Fun Exploration Activity (Naming Typhoons) 191
Fun Exploration Activity (Drawing Isobars) 193
Fun Exploration Activity (Sea and Land Breeze) 195

Chapter 5 Clouds and Precipitation 197
▣ What are clouds? 197
▣ How are clouds formed? 198
▣ How are clouds formed? 199
▣ How can clouds be classified? 200
▣ 100,000 tons of water in a giant cloud mass? 206
▣ How can clouds float in the sky? 206
▣ How many water vapors must come together to form one raindrop? 208
▣ What types of nuclei are there? 209
▣ Will it really rain if I hold a prayer service? 209
▣ What is the difference between fog and clouds? 210
▣ What is precipitation? 211
▣ How will the rain fall? 211
▣ Can human power make it rain? 213
▣ What is an air mass? 214
▣ What air masses (masses of air) affect our country? 215
▣ What is the alteration of the foundation? 215
▣ What is a wire? 216
Fun Exploration Activity (Making Clouds) 219
Fun Exploration Activity (Make Fog) 221
Fun Exploration Activity (Wire Experiment) 222
Fun Exploration Activity (Types of Clouds) 224
Fun Exploration Activity (Making a Simple Rain Gauge) 225

Chapter 6: Weather and Forecasts 227
▣ How are weather forecasts made? 227
▣ How is weather observation conducted? 228
▣ Where is the observed data sent? 232
▣ How are weather reports written and analyzed? 233
▣ Let's learn about the types of weather maps 234
▣ Let's learn about the analysis methods of isobars and fronts on the surface weather map 235
▣ How are meteorological phenomena displayed on a ground weather map? 236
▣ Let's learn about the types of upper-level weather maps 238
▣ Let's learn about the types of auxiliary weather forecasts 238
▣ Let's learn about the types and characteristics of insulation diagrams 239
▣ What is the weather like in Korea during spring, summer, fall, and winter? 241
▣ What are the different weather forecasting methods? 243
▣ What is numerical forecast data? 244
▣ How are weather forecasts prepared? 244
▣ How can weather forecasts created this way be used in our daily lives? 247
Fun Exploration Activity (Drawing Weather Maps) 248
Fun Exploration Activities (High and Low Pressure Distribution and Weather) 250
Fun Exploration Activity (Weather Forecasting) 251
Fun Exploration Activity (Korea's Four Seasons Weather Forecast) 253
Fun Exploration Activity (Interpreting Weather Maps) 255
Fun Exploration Activity (Predicting Today's Weather) 256

Chapter 7 Our Life and Weather 257
▣ What is the relationship between food, clothing, and shelter and the weather? 257
▣ What is the relationship between health and weather? 259
▣ What is the relationship between industry and weather? 262
▣ Let's learn about the weather index 268
▣ Let's learn about the perceived temperature index 268
▣ Let's learn about the heat index 270
▣ Let's learn about the discomfort index 272
▣ Let's learn about the ultraviolet index 273
▣ Let's learn about the food poisoning index 274
▣ Let's learn about the freeze-thaw index 276
▣ What is the Atmospheric Diffusion Index? 277
▣ What is the Asthma/Pulmonary Disease Risk Index? 277
▣ What is the Stroke Probability Index? 278
▣ What is the Skin Disease Probability Index? 279
▣ What is the Cold Likelihood Index? 279
▣ What is the pollen concentration risk index? 280
Fun Exploration Activity (Finding Weather-Related Careers) 281
Fun Exploration Activity (Calculating the Perceived Temperature Index) 282
Fun Exploration Activity (Calculating the Discomfort Index) 283

Chapter 8: Unusual Weather Phenomena 285
▣ How did people become interested in global warming? 285
▣ What is global warming? 289
▣ What impact will global warming have? 291
▣ What should we do to stop global warming? 294
▣ What are El Niño and La Niña? 296
▣ What are the highest and lowest temperatures ever recorded on Earth? 299
▣ What is a Thunderstorm? 301
▣ What is a Tornado? 302
▣ What is a typhoon? 304
▣ What is the ozone layer? 305
▣ What problems have arisen in the ozone layer? 306
▣ What is smog? 308
▣ What is acid rain? 312
▣ What is yellow dust? 315
▣ How do rainbows form? 317
▣ What is the Aurora? 319
▣ How do mirages form? 320
▣ Why is the sky blue? And why is the sunset red? 323
▣ What are the rings of light that appear around the sun and moon? 324
Fun Exploration Activity (Greenhouse Effect) 326
Fun Exploration Activity (Investigating Air Pollution Around Roads) 327
Fun Exploration Activity (Learning About the Effects of Acid Rain) 328
Fun Exploration Activity (Making Lightning) 329
Fun Exploration Activity (Making a Tornado) 330
Fun Exploration Activity (Learning About Rainbows) 331

Chapter 9: Laws of the Weather 333
▣ Why Apply the Ideal Gas Equation of State to Meteorological Phenomena? 333
▣ How do the laws of thermodynamics apply to meteorological phenomena? 335
▣ How do the equations of statics apply to meteorological phenomena? 338
▣ How does Newton's second law of motion apply to meteorological phenomena? 339
▣ What is a mixing ratio? 340
▣ How do we determine the dry insulation lapse rate? 341
▣ Is the moist adiabatic lapse rate always the same? 342
▣ What characteristics does our Earth's atmosphere have? 342
▣ What forces act on air? 344
▣ Until radiative equilibrium is achieved… 347
▣ How much of the Earth's temperature and greenhouse effect would be generated in radiative equilibrium? 348
Fun Problem Solving 350

Chapter 10: Students' Early Concepts of Weather Phenomena 357
1.
The Water Cycle 357
2.
Movement of Air 362
3.
Solar Energy 368
4.
Rain and Clouds 369
5.
Weather 370

Chapter 11: Meteorology on the Web 373
1.
Wait 373
▣ What is Earth's atmosphere made of? 373
▣ What is the structure of the atmosphere? 375
▣ What is the relationship with atmospheric pressure? 377
▣ What forces act in the atmosphere? - About the Coriolis force 380
2.
About the flow of air - wind 383
▣ Why does air move? Convection of air driven by the sun 383
▣ Why does wind occur? 385
▣ Are there different types of wind? 387
▣ How do we determine wind speed? 388
▣ How to indicate the wind symbol? 390
▣ Why do sea breezes occur? 391
▣ Why does mountain valley wind occur? 393
▣ Why does the Foehn phenomenon occur? 396
▣ Let's learn about the jet stream circulation 397
▣ Let's learn about atmospheric divergence and convergence 400
▣ Can the winds help you pinpoint the locations of low-pressure areas and typhoons? 401
▣ Why does yellow dust occur? 402
3.
Water vapor and clouds in the atmosphere 403
▣ How much water vapor is in the atmosphere? 403
▣ How does relative humidity change with temperature? 405
▣ Types of precipitation occurring in the atmosphere 406
▣ So how does this atmospheric water vapor circulate? 408
4.
Weather Phenomena and Forecast 408
▣ How do you read the weather forecast? 409
▣ How to draw isobars? 412
▣ What meteorological phenomena are related to atmospheric pressure? 414
▣ Let's learn about wires 417

Chapter 12: Meteorological Observation Equipment 421
▣ Let's find out how meteorological observation equipment has developed so far. 421
▣ Let's learn more about the types and characteristics of thermometers used in terrestrial meteorological observations. 422
▣ What is a geothermometer? 423
▣ Let's learn about mercury and alcohol thermometers 423
▣ Let's learn about the types, characteristics, and measurement methods of hygrometers 424
▣ Let's learn about the types and measurement methods of precipitation gauges 426
▣ Let's learn about the types and measurement methods of barometers 427
▣ Let's learn about the types and observation methods of wind direction and anemometers 428
▣ Let's learn about the types of solar radiation and solar irradiance meters and their observation methods. 429
▣ Let's learn about the installation of the white-leafed sign that we commonly see 431
▣ Let's learn about radar weather observation 431
▣ Is mobile weather radar observation possible? 433
▣ What is an Automatic Weather System (AWS)? 433
▣ Let's learn about high-altitude weather observations 434
▣ Let's learn about raw sonde observations 434
▣ Vertical wind observation equipment (Windprofiler) 435
▣ Radiometer (Microwave Radiometer) 435
▣ What is a weather ship? 436
▣ Let's learn about marine meteorological observation equipment 436
▣ Let's learn about the Airborne Meteorological Observatory System (AMOS) 437
▣ Let's learn about meteorological satellite observations 438
▣ Let's learn about the Communication, Ocean, and Meteorological Satellite (COMS) 439
▣ How are meteorological satellite images analyzed? 440
Fun Exploration Activity (Mercury Barometer Measurement) 442
Fun Exploration Activity (Analyzing Satellite Cloud Images) 444

Reference 446
Search 449