Preface _ 3

Chapter 1: Energy of Atoms and Molecules… … … 9
1-1.
Understanding Light: The Beginnings of Quantum Mechanics _ 11
1-2.
Fingerprints of Atoms and Molecules: Spectra of Atoms and Molecules _ 14
Number of atoms and molecules _ 14
Fingerprints of Atoms and Molecules: The Spectrum of Light _ 15
Internal Energy of Atoms and Molecules _ 17
Comparison of the relative magnitudes of translational, rotational, and vibrational energies and electronic transition energies _ 19
Spectra of molecules _ 22
1-3.
Natural phenomena caused by changes in the internal energy of atoms and molecules (emission of light, release of heat, chemical reactions, ionization) _ 25
Radiative and non-radiative decay, radiative relaxation and non-radiative relaxation _ 26
Chemical Reactions and Ionization _ 29
LIF, Laser Induced Fluorescence _ 33
1-4.
Types and energies of light: Ultraviolet rays have higher energy than hot infrared rays_35
1-5.
Light and Electromagnetic Waves: Different Yet Similar _ 41
Light Transmission _ 42
Penetration of electromagnetic waves into solids (1): Microwaves _ 45
Penetration of electromagnetic waves into solids (2): X-rays _ 46
1-6.
Blackbody Radiation: The Failure of Classical Mechanics and the Dawn of Quantum Mechanics _ 47
Derivation of the Rayleigh-Jeans formula for the intensity of light and the UV catastrophe _ 52
Rayleigh-Jeans derived process _ 56
Planck-derived process _ 58
1-7.
Visible Light and Invisible Light _ 60
Candlelight: Visible and Invisible Light _ 60
Gas Fire: Blue Fire _ 62
Why is charcoal grilling so delicious? _ 63
1-8.
History of Lighting _ 65

Chapter 2: The Energy of Matter… … … 71
2-1.
The four states of matter: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma _ 73
Solid, Liquid, Gas, and Plasma States _ 74
2-2.
Gas Physics: Microscopic and Macroscopic Perspectives _ 80
Micro and Macro Perspectives _ 83
The Starting Point of Statistical Thermodynamics: Distributions and Probability _ 84
Normal Distribution _ 86
Maxwell-Boltzmann Speed ​​Distribution_89
2-3.
Pressure and Heat and Mass Transfer from a Microscopic Perspective _ 95
Thermal conductivity, viscosity, and diffusion coefficients _ 99
2-4.
Internal Energy of a System from a Microscopic Perspective _ 103
Internal Energy and Enthalpy from a Macroscopic Perspective _ 103
Internal Energy from a Microscopic Perspective: Internal Energy at Low Temperatures _ 109
Specific heat of diatomic molecules as a function of temperature _111
Specific heat at high temperatures: dissociation and ionization of molecules _ 112
Thermal conductivity at high temperature conditions _ 115
2-5.
Boltzmann's distribution law _ 119
Why does the natural exponential function ex keep appearing in physics and chemistry? _ 125
Boltzmann distribution rule, Boltzmann distribution law _ 126
Partition Functions: A Link Between Statistical and Classical Thermodynamics _ 132
Thermodynamic State Function _ 135
Boltzmann's Distributive Law and Other Distributive Laws _ 136
2-6.
Entropy: The Law That Hints at the Beginning and End of the Universe _ 137
Entropy Born from Clausius's Insight _ 147
The Future of the Universe as Entropy Hints at It _ 156
2-7.
Gibbs Free Energy: A Thermodynamic Function Predicting Natural Changes _ 158

Chapter 3: Plasma Chemical Reaction Processes… … … 169
3-1.
Heat-Driven Chemical Reactions: Chemical Reactions at Equilibrium _ 171
Thermochemical Reactions in the Gaseous State as a Physical Phenomena _ 171
Understanding Activation Energy (1): Reducing Activation Energy Using Catalysts _ 177
Understanding Activation Energy (2): Activation Energy Varies Depending on the Type of Chemical Reaction _ 179
Pathways of Realistic Thermochemical Reactions _ 180
Low-Temperature Chemical Reactions: Ignition _ 184
3-2.
Chemical Reactions that Occur Independently of Heat: Chemical Reactions in Nonequilibrium _ 187
Photochemical Reaction Example 1: Stratospheric Ozone Creation and Destruction _ 189
Photochemical Reaction Example 2: Ozone Production and Photosmog on the Earth's Surface _ 190
Electron-Molecular Chemical Reactions and Chemical Reaction Rates _ 192
Characteristics of Plasma Chemical Reactions (1): Various Reaction Pathways _ 197
Characteristics of Plasma Chemical Reactions (2): Reaction Efficiency and Rate _ 198
Characteristics of Plasma Chemical Reactions (3): Temperature-Independent Reactions _ 201
Characteristics of Plasma Chemical Reactions (4): Spatial Selectivity _ 202
3-3.
Laser _ 203
spontaneous emission and stimulated emission _ 207
Light Amplification Conditions: Population Inversion _ 209
3-4.
Plasma Characteristics (1): Nonequilibrium and Equilibrium Plasma _ 213
Nonequilibrium and equilibrium plasmas _ 215
Criteria for equilibrium and nonequilibrium plasmas, E/n _ 217
3-5.
Plasma Characteristics (2): Particle Motion in Plasma _ 218
Comparison of the Relative Influence of Heat Diffusion Rate and Drift Rate _ 221
Ideal Plasma Conditions: Debye Shielding and Quasi-Neutrality _ 222
3-6.
Generation and Characteristics of Atmospheric Pressure Non-Equilibrium Plasma _ 225
Atmospheric pressure non-thermal plasma generation _ 225
Electron Temperature and Concentration in Atmospheric Pressure Specific Heat Plasma _ 229
3-7.
Generation and Characteristics of Atmospheric Pressure Arc Plasma _ 233
Generation of atmospheric pressure arc plasma: shape and structure of the arc column _ 234
Arc shape according to the type of carrier gas _ 236
Heat and material balance of arc columns _ 238
Life and cooling of cathode electrodes _ 243
Heat and mass balance near the cathode electrode _ 246
3-8.
Chemical reaction process using plasma _ 250
Applications of Plasma Chemical Reaction Processes - General Theory _ 251
Characteristics of Chemical Reactions According to Plasma Type - Research by the Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials _ 256
3-9.
Thermal Engineering Applications Using Plasma _ 270
Adsorption and Desorption of Hydrocarbons Using Non-thermal Plasma _ 270
Plasma burner (1): combustion assisted by plasma _ 272
Plasma burner (2): diesel burner assisted by plasma _ 273
Ultra Low NOx Burner with Fuel Reformer _ 276

Search _ 279