Preface / iii

SECTION 01 What are stem cells? / 1

PART 01 What are stem cells? / 3
CHAPTER 01: DEFINING STEM CELLS / 4
CHAPTER 02 The Importance of Stem Cell Research / 6
2.1 Study of human embryonic development / 6
2.2 Organ Transplant / 7
2.3 Establishing Disease Models and Screening for Therapeutics / 8
CHAPTER 03 Classification of Stem Cells by Differentiation Potential / 9

PART 02: The History of Stem Cell Research / 13
CHAPTER 04: The History of Stem Cell Research / 14
4.1 Discovery of Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells / 14
4.2 Discovery of Neural Stem Cells / 14
4.3 Confirmation of the potential of bone marrow-derived hematopoietic stem cells as a therapeutic agent / 15
CHAPTER 05: The Beginning of Stem Cell Application Research in the 1970s / 16
5.1 Discovery of Human Cord Blood-Derived Hematopoietic Stem Cells / 16
5.2 Birth of the First Artificially Inseminated Embryo and the Development of Stem Cell Biology / 16
CHAPTER 06: The Discovery of Pluripotent Stem Cells in the 1980s / 18
6.1 Discovery of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells / 18
CHAPTER 07 The 1990s: The Discovery of Cancer Stem Cells and the First Cloning Experiments / 21
7.1 Discovery of Cancer Stem Cells / 21
7.2 Discovery of Human Embryonic Stem Cells / 21
7.3 Dolly the Cloned Sheep / 23
CHAPTER 08: The Development of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in the 2000s / 25
8.1 Invention of Mouse Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells / 25
8.2 Invention of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells / 26
CHAPTER 09: The First Clinical Trials Using Human Embryonic Stem Cells in the 2010s / 28

PART 03 Stem Cell Types / 31
CHAPTER 10: What Are Adult Stem Cells? / 32
10.1 Definition of Adult Stem Cells / 32
10.2 Nomenclature of Adult Stem Cells / 34
10.3 Basic Properties of Adult Stem Cells / 34
10.4 Self-renewal and pluripotency of adult stem cells / 35
10.5 The Neighborhood of Adult Stem Cells / 38
CHAPTER 11 Hematopoietic Stem Cells / 41
11.1 Sources of Hematopoietic Stem Cells / 42
11.2 Morphology of Hematopoietic Stem Cells / 42
11.3 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Neighborhood / 42
11.4 Pluripotent Differentiation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells / 43
11.5 Discovery of Hematopoietic Stem Cells / 44
11.6 Research and Use of Hematopoietic Stem Cells / 44
CHAPTER 12 Mesenchymal Stem Cells / 46
12.1 Sources of Mesenchymal Stem Cells / 46
12.2 Morphology of Mesenchymal Stem Cells / 46
12.3 Characteristics of Mesenchymal Stem Cells / 47
12.4 Mesenchymal Stem Cell Self-Renewal and Pluripotency Mechanisms / 48
12.5 Immunomodulation and Immune Privilege of Mesenchymal Stem Cells / 49
12.6 Differentiation Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells / 50
CHAPTER 13 Neural Stem Cells / 52
13.1 What are Neural Stem Cells? / 52
13.2 Neurogenesis: Embryonic / 54
13.3 Neurogenesis in adults:
The Neighborhood of Adult Neural Stem Cells / 55
13.4 Neurogenesis in the Subventricular Zone: Characteristics of Adult Neural Stem Cells in the Lateral Subventricular Zone / 56
13.5 Neurogenesis in the Hippocampus: Characterization of Adult Neural Stem Cells in the Subgranule Layer of the Dentate Gyrus of the Hippocampus / 57
13.6 Differentiation of Neural Stem Cells and Expression of Specific Markers / 58
13.7 Clinical Applications and Limitations of Neural Stem Cells / 60
CHAPTER 14 Cancer Stem Cells / 62
14.1 Definition of Cancer Stem Cells / 62
14.2 Characteristics of Cancer Stem Cells / 63
14.3 Cancer Stem Cell Model / 65
14.4 Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition / 67
14.5 Different Types of Cancer Stem Cells / 70
14.6 Therapeutic Approaches to Cancer Stem Cells / 75
14.7 The Cancer Stem Cell Debate / 79
CHAPTER 15: What Are Pluripotent Stem Cells? / 82
15.1 Self-Regeneration / 83
15.2 Pluripotency / 84
15.3 Characteristics and Identification of Pluripotent Stem Cells / 84
CHAPTER 16: Embryonic Stem Cells / 87
16.1 Definition of Embryonic Stem Cells / 87
16.2 Differences Between Embryonic and Adult Stem Cells / 88
16.3 Origin of Embryonic Stem Cells: Discovery of Pluripotent Stem Cells / 89
16.4 Comparison of Human and Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells / 91
16.5 Embryonic Stem Cell Culture Methods / 92
16.6 Trends in Research Using Embryonic Stem Cells / 96
16.7 Signaling Pathways that Maintain Pluripotency in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells / 98
16.8 Full Pluripotency and Near Pluripotency of Embryonic Stem Cells / 102
16.9 Limitations of Embryonic Stem Cells / 105

SECTION 02 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells / 109

CHAPTER 17 Development of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells / 110
17.1 Definition of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells / 112
17.2 Development of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells / 113
17.3 Development of Mouse Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells / 114
17.4 Development of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells / 115
CHAPTER 18: The History of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells / 118
CHAPTER 19: Similarities Between Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Embryonic Stem Cells / 123
CHAPTER 20: Production of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells / 126
20.1 Dedifferentiation Factor / 126
20.2 Method for Introducing a Dedifferentiating Factor / 129
20.3 Comparison of Methods for Introducing Reverse Differentiation Factors / 134
CHAPTER 21: The Origin of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells / 137
CHAPTER 22 Differentiation Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells / 141
CHAPTER 23 Applications of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells / 148
CHAPTER 24: Limitations of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells / 151
CHAPTER 25: Patent Analysis of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells / 156
25.1 Classification of the Legal Status of iPSC Patents / 156
25.2 Patent Distribution by Ownership Organization Type / 157
25.3 Patent family ratio by owner type / 157
25.4 Key iPSC Patent Inventors / 157
25.5 Key iPSC Inventors Ranked / 159
25.6 Most Cited iPSC Patents / 159
25.7 Major iPSC Patent Application Countries / 159
25.8 Patent Application Trends by Year / 160
25.9 iPSC Patents by Disease / 161
25.10 Patents Related to iPSC Manufacturing Technology / 161
25.11 Patents Related to Cell Types Differentiated from iPSCs / 161
25.12 Patent Application Trends for Disease-Specific Technologies / 162
CHAPTER 26: Gene Editing Technology for Generating Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells / 163
CHAPTER 27: Establishing an Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Bank / 167

SECTION 03 Clinical Trials Using Stem Cells / 173

CHAPTER 28 Understanding the Role of Transplant Stem Cells / 174
28.1 Stem Cell Therapy Terminology and Concepts / 175
CHAPTER 29: Future Directions for Stem Cell Therapy for Heart Disease / 178
29.1 Future Directions for Stem Cell Therapy in Heart Disease / 179
CHAPTER 30: Prospects for Stem Cell-Based Therapeutics for Spinal Cord Injury / 184
30.1 Trends in Stem Cell Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury / 184
30.2 Factors that help nerve regeneration / 190
30.3 Stem Cell Transplantation in Spinal Cord Injury / 190
30.4 Future Prospects for Stem Cell-Based Spinal Cord Injury Treatment / 193
30.5 New Approaches: Biomaterials / 199
30.6 Prospects for Stem Cell Therapy for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Lou Gehrig's Disease / 201
CHAPTER 31: The Potential and Prospects of Novel Stem Cell Therapies for Brain Diseases / 203
31.1 Alzheimer's disease / 203
31.2 Parkinson's disease / 209
31.3 Stroke / 212
31.4 Stem Cell Therapy for Osteoarthritis / 213
31.5 Traumatic Brain Injury / 219
CHAPTER 32: Stem Cell Treatment for Skin Diseases and Ophthalmology / 223
32.1 Applications of Stem Cells for the Treatment of Skin Diseases / 223
32.2 hair loss / 226
32.3 Macular Degeneration / 229
CHAPTER 33 Clinical Trends Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells / 232
33.1 Classification of Clinical Studies Using iPSCs / 232
33.2 Comparative Analysis of Disease Targets in iPSC Therapy Research / 234
33.3 Comparative Analysis of iPSC Therapy Research by Country / 240
Search / 243

The Science of Stem Cells: The Future of Therapy

From the basic concepts of stem cell research to the recently spotlighted induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs),
An introductory book that comprehensively and systematically covers the entire spectrum of stem cell science, from its most recent clinical applications to the present.

This book, consisting of 33 chapters, covers the entire spectrum of stem cell science, from the definition and types of stem cells, the principles of cell differentiation, the history of research, the development of embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, and clinical applications for various diseases.
The characteristics and functions of adult stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, neural stem cells, cancer stem cells, pluripotent stem cells, and embryonic stem cells are systematically explained, and the potential for treating various diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, heart disease, spinal cord injury, and hair loss, is illuminated in a scientific context.
In particular, the principles, development process, and clinical applications of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which have recently been attracting attention in the fields of stem cells and regenerative medicine, are one of the core axes of this book, and are explained step by step so that even beginners can easily understand them.

By faithfully conveying core concepts while minimizing the use of technical terminology, the book provides a broad understanding for both readers new to stem cell research and general readers seeking to understand the latest trends in biomedical science.
It also provides a balanced perspective from basics to applications, covering the latest research and industrial prospects, including gene editing, cell differentiation technologies, patent trends, and stem cell bank establishment.


Each chapter is structured independently, so you can read it sequentially from the beginning to follow the flow of concepts, or select topics of interest and delve into them.
For readers seeking to understand the scientific facts and clinical potential surrounding stem cells, this book will serve as an excellent starting point.