
The Coming Wave
Description
Book Introduction
The best book of the year, chosen by people around the world! Financial Times · Sunday Times The Economist, Bloomberg, and CEO Magazine #1 Amazon Bestseller in the US and UK (Society and Technology Category) - #1 Sunday Times Bestseller - SERI CEO Business Book Club Selection 2024 - The development of AlphaGo, the founding of DeepMind, and the predictions of the future of the world's top AI experts. What kind of book is The Coming Wave? Such a wonderful insight into 'technology, power, and the greatest dilemma of the 21st century'! The Coming Wave, which has been a global sensation since its publication in the US and UK in September 2023, has finally been published in Korea. This book, which was mentioned as the best book on artificial intelligence (AI) even before its publication, proved its popularity by immediately ranking first in the social and technology categories on Amazon and the Sunday Times bestseller list in the US and UK after its publication, and was selected as the 'Best Book of the Year' by various media outlets including the Financial Times, Sunday Times, Economist, Bloomberg, and CEO Magazine. The author of this book is Mustafa Suleiman, the main player in the development of AlphaGo and the founder of DeepMind and Inflexion AI, two of the world's leading AI companies, and is considered the person closest to the ongoing AI revolution. He led DeepMind for over a decade, revolutionizing AI research and applications and playing a leading role in the innovation of deep learning. After developing AlphaGo, he worked as Vice President of AI Product Management at Google, where he and his team developed LaMDA, the world's most powerful conversational AI system. "The Coming Wave" is a book in which the author, who is writing a new history of technological revolution at the forefront of artificial intelligence development, personally forecasts the future of the AI industry and what and how it will change. The reviews and influence of "The Coming Wave" are growing hotter with each passing day. This is proven by the fact that scholars from all over the world, regardless of their field, are praising the book: “The most important book for us now, incredibly fascinating” (Yuval Harari), “The best guide to navigating unprecedented times” (Bill Gates), “A powerful warning from the future, not a single page can be turned away” (Nouriel Roubini), “A vivid forecast of the waves that will soon crash, even awe-inspiring” (Alain de Botton). |
- You can preview some of the book's contents.
Preview
index
Praise poured in for this book
Glossary of Key Terms
Prologue | A New Wave That Will Determine the Fate of Humanity
Chapter 1: It is impossible to suppress
wave
dilemma
pitfall
Things to discuss
Part 1 Homo technologus
Chapter 2: Infinite Expansion
organ
Universal Waves: The Rhythm of History
Diffusion is the key
From Vacuum Tubes to Nanometers: Ultrafast Diffusion
Chapter 3: The Problem of Technology Containment
Suppression is the basics
Have you ever refused something?
Are nuclear weapons an exception?
technical animals
Part 2: A New Wave
Chapter 4: The Technology of Intelligence
AlphaGo and the Beginning of the Future
From atoms to bits and genes
Cambrian explosion
Beyond the jargon
The Spring of Artificial Intelligence: The Advancement of Deep Learning
AI is taking over the world
Autocomplete Everything: The Rise of Large-Scale Language Models
Brain-scale models
Achieve greater results with fewer resources
Perception: Machines Speak
Beyond superintelligence
Competency: A Modern-Day Turing Test
Chapter 5: The Art of Life
Gene Scissors: The CRISPR Revolution
DNA Printers: Synthetic Biology Becomes Reality
Biological creativity unleashed
AI in the Age of Synthetic Life
Chapter 6: A Wider Wave
The Age of Robotics
Quantum supremacy
Next-generation energy transition
Wave beyond wave
Chapter 7 Four Characteristics of the Coming Wave
Asymmetry: A Great Shift of Power
Hyperevolution: Endless Acceleration
Omniuse: The more the better
Autonomy and Beyond: Can Humans Take the Lead?
Gorilla Problem
Chapter 8: Unstoppable Incentives
National pride and strategic necessity
arms race
Knowledge that longs for freedom
A $100 Trillion Opportunity
Global Challenges
ego
Part 3: Failed States
Chapter 9: The Great Agreement
Lessons from Copenhagen: Politics is personal.
vulnerable countries
Technology is Political: The Wave's Challenge to the Nation
Chapter 10 Vulnerability Amplifiers
National Emergency 2.0: Uncontrolled Asymmetry
The rapidly declining cost of power
Military Robots: The Superiority in Attack
disinformation machine
State-sponsored information attacks
Vulnerable labs and unintended instability
Automation Debate
Chapter 11: The Future of the Nation
Focus: The Compound Return of Intelligence
Surveillance: Rocket Fuel for Authoritarianism
Fragmentation: Power to the people
The coming wave of contradictions
Chapter 12 Dilemma
Disaster: The Ultimate Failure
Types of disasters
Cult, fanaticism, suicidal state
dystopian transition
Identity: Another form of disaster
What's next?
Part 4: Navigating the Waves
Chapter 13: Suppression must be possible
Regulation alone is not enough
Rethinking Containment: A New Consensus
Before the waves come
Chapter 14: Ten Steps to Suppression
1.
Safety: The Apollo Program for Technical Safety
2.
Gratitude: Knowledge is power, and power is control.
3.
Choke Point: Buying Time
4.
Producer: Critics must participate
5.
Business: Profit + Purpose
6.
Government: Survival, Reform, Regulation
7.
Alliance: The Age of Treaties
8.
Culture: Respecting and Embracing Failure
9.
Movement: People Power
10.
The Narrow Road: The Only Way Forward
Epilogue | Life After the Anthropocene
Acknowledgements
Americas
Glossary of Key Terms
Prologue | A New Wave That Will Determine the Fate of Humanity
Chapter 1: It is impossible to suppress
wave
dilemma
pitfall
Things to discuss
Part 1 Homo technologus
Chapter 2: Infinite Expansion
organ
Universal Waves: The Rhythm of History
Diffusion is the key
From Vacuum Tubes to Nanometers: Ultrafast Diffusion
Chapter 3: The Problem of Technology Containment
Suppression is the basics
Have you ever refused something?
Are nuclear weapons an exception?
technical animals
Part 2: A New Wave
Chapter 4: The Technology of Intelligence
AlphaGo and the Beginning of the Future
From atoms to bits and genes
Cambrian explosion
Beyond the jargon
The Spring of Artificial Intelligence: The Advancement of Deep Learning
AI is taking over the world
Autocomplete Everything: The Rise of Large-Scale Language Models
Brain-scale models
Achieve greater results with fewer resources
Perception: Machines Speak
Beyond superintelligence
Competency: A Modern-Day Turing Test
Chapter 5: The Art of Life
Gene Scissors: The CRISPR Revolution
DNA Printers: Synthetic Biology Becomes Reality
Biological creativity unleashed
AI in the Age of Synthetic Life
Chapter 6: A Wider Wave
The Age of Robotics
Quantum supremacy
Next-generation energy transition
Wave beyond wave
Chapter 7 Four Characteristics of the Coming Wave
Asymmetry: A Great Shift of Power
Hyperevolution: Endless Acceleration
Omniuse: The more the better
Autonomy and Beyond: Can Humans Take the Lead?
Gorilla Problem
Chapter 8: Unstoppable Incentives
National pride and strategic necessity
arms race
Knowledge that longs for freedom
A $100 Trillion Opportunity
Global Challenges
ego
Part 3: Failed States
Chapter 9: The Great Agreement
Lessons from Copenhagen: Politics is personal.
vulnerable countries
Technology is Political: The Wave's Challenge to the Nation
Chapter 10 Vulnerability Amplifiers
National Emergency 2.0: Uncontrolled Asymmetry
The rapidly declining cost of power
Military Robots: The Superiority in Attack
disinformation machine
State-sponsored information attacks
Vulnerable labs and unintended instability
Automation Debate
Chapter 11: The Future of the Nation
Focus: The Compound Return of Intelligence
Surveillance: Rocket Fuel for Authoritarianism
Fragmentation: Power to the people
The coming wave of contradictions
Chapter 12 Dilemma
Disaster: The Ultimate Failure
Types of disasters
Cult, fanaticism, suicidal state
dystopian transition
Identity: Another form of disaster
What's next?
Part 4: Navigating the Waves
Chapter 13: Suppression must be possible
Regulation alone is not enough
Rethinking Containment: A New Consensus
Before the waves come
Chapter 14: Ten Steps to Suppression
1.
Safety: The Apollo Program for Technical Safety
2.
Gratitude: Knowledge is power, and power is control.
3.
Choke Point: Buying Time
4.
Producer: Critics must participate
5.
Business: Profit + Purpose
6.
Government: Survival, Reform, Regulation
7.
Alliance: The Age of Treaties
8.
Culture: Respecting and Embracing Failure
9.
Movement: People Power
10.
The Narrow Road: The Only Way Forward
Epilogue | Life After the Anthropocene
Acknowledgements
Americas
Detailed image
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Into the book
Over the centuries, technology has dramatically improved the lives of billions of people.
Thanks to modern medicine, we are incomparably healthier, the vast majority of people around the world enjoy a plentiful diet, people are more educated than ever before, and we live in greater peace and material comfort.
This is a decisive achievement brought about by the creation of science and technology, the great driving force of mankind.
For that reason, I have also dedicated my life to developing tools safely.
But our optimism, born from such a special history, must be grounded in sober reality.
To avoid failure, you need to understand what can go wrong and ultimately be able to confront it.
We must follow the flow of reasoning to its logical conclusion without fear of where it might lead, and when we reach that conclusion, we must take appropriate action.
The coming wave of technology risks failing faster and on a larger scale than anything we've seen before.
In situations like this, global attention is needed.
And we need answers that no one has found yet.
At first glance, it seems like an impossible situation to contain.
But for all of us, we must be able to suppress it.
---From "Chapter 1: Suppression is Impossible"
Over the course of about a century, there have been successive waves that have led humanity from the age of candles and carriages to the age of power plants and space stations.
Similar changes will occur in the next 30 years.
In the coming decades, waves of new technologies will pose some of the most fundamental questions humanity will ever face.
Will we edit our genes to produce children with immunity to certain diseases, increased intelligence, or a longer lifespan? Will we do our best to maintain our place at the top of the evolutionary pyramid, or will we allow the emergence of AI systems that are smarter and more capable than we are? What unintended consequences might arise as we explore these questions? These questions reveal crucial truths about Homo technologenesis in the 21st century.
Throughout history, the challenge of technology has been to develop it and unleash its power.
But now that historical trend has changed.
The challenge of technology today is to harness its power so that it can continue to benefit us and the planet.
Such challenges are now on the verge of a decisive escalation.
---From "Chapter 3: The Problem of Technology Suppression"
No one knows how the very features we are working so hard on will be incorporated into the coming wave.
There will come a point when technology will become entirely self-driven, undergoing a process of iterative improvement, progressing beyond explanation, and ultimately, becoming impossible to predict how it will behave in the real world—a point at which human power and control will reach its limits.
If the coming wave of change is so extreme, humanity could eventually lose its place at the top of the food chain.
Homo technologus may eventually be threatened by the technology they have created.
The real question isn't whether the wave is coming or not.
Because it is clear that the wave is already forming.
Given the potential risks, the really important question is how to avoid them.
---From "Chapter 7 Four Characteristics of the Coming Wave"
Everything is leaked, copied, repeated and improved.
Also, because everyone is observing and learning from each other, and so many people are exploring the same field, eventually someone is bound to discover the next breakthrough technology.
And it is virtually impossible to suppress this.
Because someone else will discover the same insight or find a similar approach to achieve the same result.
People will never stop striving for strategic potential, profit, fame, etc.
This is why we do not reject the new wave.
And this is precisely why a new wave is coming, and why it will be difficult to contain it.
Technology has now become an indispensable, large-scale system that impacts every aspect of our daily lives, society, and economy.
Without technology, you can't do anything.
Firmly established incentives are beneficial for greatly increasing the quantity of technology.
No one can completely control what this system of technology will do or where it will go.
This isn't some arcane philosophical concept, an extreme deterministic scenario, or a visionary Californian technocentrism; it's a fundamental description of the world we all live in—a world we've actually been living in for quite some time.
---From "Chapter 8: Suppression is Impossible"
If this book seems to take a contradictory stance, expressing both optimism and concern about technology, it is because this contradictory perspective is the most honest assessment of our current situation.
Our great-grandparents would have been amazed by the abundance of the world we live in.
But at the same time, they would have been shocked by the vulnerability and dangers of this world.
With the coming wave, we face not only real threats with potentially catastrophic consequences, but even threats to the very existence of our species.
Technology is both our greatest strength and our worst weakness.
There is no one-size-fits-all approach that can truly capture the essence of these technologies.
The only way to approach technology consistently is to acknowledge and understand both aspects simultaneously.
Over the past decade, this dilemma has become more pronounced, and the need to address it has become more urgent.
When you look at the world, suppression seems impossible.
But as we follow the consequences of the coming wave, one thing becomes clear.
The fact is that suppression must be possible for everyone.
---From "Chapter 12 Dilemmas"
I think it is impossible in our current world to contain the coming wave.
However, these measures can change the fundamental conditions.
We must create an opportunity to improve the current situation even a little and curb it.
We must approach this with the understanding that all of this may fail, but it is the best we can do to create a world where human prosperity and restraint can coexist.
There are no guarantees or magic solutions here.
Those expecting a surefire, quick solution or a clever answer may be disappointed.
When faced with a dilemma, we tend to adopt the very human attitude of doing our best and waiting for a positive outcome.
Here are 10 solutions I can think of:
Thanks to modern medicine, we are incomparably healthier, the vast majority of people around the world enjoy a plentiful diet, people are more educated than ever before, and we live in greater peace and material comfort.
This is a decisive achievement brought about by the creation of science and technology, the great driving force of mankind.
For that reason, I have also dedicated my life to developing tools safely.
But our optimism, born from such a special history, must be grounded in sober reality.
To avoid failure, you need to understand what can go wrong and ultimately be able to confront it.
We must follow the flow of reasoning to its logical conclusion without fear of where it might lead, and when we reach that conclusion, we must take appropriate action.
The coming wave of technology risks failing faster and on a larger scale than anything we've seen before.
In situations like this, global attention is needed.
And we need answers that no one has found yet.
At first glance, it seems like an impossible situation to contain.
But for all of us, we must be able to suppress it.
---From "Chapter 1: Suppression is Impossible"
Over the course of about a century, there have been successive waves that have led humanity from the age of candles and carriages to the age of power plants and space stations.
Similar changes will occur in the next 30 years.
In the coming decades, waves of new technologies will pose some of the most fundamental questions humanity will ever face.
Will we edit our genes to produce children with immunity to certain diseases, increased intelligence, or a longer lifespan? Will we do our best to maintain our place at the top of the evolutionary pyramid, or will we allow the emergence of AI systems that are smarter and more capable than we are? What unintended consequences might arise as we explore these questions? These questions reveal crucial truths about Homo technologenesis in the 21st century.
Throughout history, the challenge of technology has been to develop it and unleash its power.
But now that historical trend has changed.
The challenge of technology today is to harness its power so that it can continue to benefit us and the planet.
Such challenges are now on the verge of a decisive escalation.
---From "Chapter 3: The Problem of Technology Suppression"
No one knows how the very features we are working so hard on will be incorporated into the coming wave.
There will come a point when technology will become entirely self-driven, undergoing a process of iterative improvement, progressing beyond explanation, and ultimately, becoming impossible to predict how it will behave in the real world—a point at which human power and control will reach its limits.
If the coming wave of change is so extreme, humanity could eventually lose its place at the top of the food chain.
Homo technologus may eventually be threatened by the technology they have created.
The real question isn't whether the wave is coming or not.
Because it is clear that the wave is already forming.
Given the potential risks, the really important question is how to avoid them.
---From "Chapter 7 Four Characteristics of the Coming Wave"
Everything is leaked, copied, repeated and improved.
Also, because everyone is observing and learning from each other, and so many people are exploring the same field, eventually someone is bound to discover the next breakthrough technology.
And it is virtually impossible to suppress this.
Because someone else will discover the same insight or find a similar approach to achieve the same result.
People will never stop striving for strategic potential, profit, fame, etc.
This is why we do not reject the new wave.
And this is precisely why a new wave is coming, and why it will be difficult to contain it.
Technology has now become an indispensable, large-scale system that impacts every aspect of our daily lives, society, and economy.
Without technology, you can't do anything.
Firmly established incentives are beneficial for greatly increasing the quantity of technology.
No one can completely control what this system of technology will do or where it will go.
This isn't some arcane philosophical concept, an extreme deterministic scenario, or a visionary Californian technocentrism; it's a fundamental description of the world we all live in—a world we've actually been living in for quite some time.
---From "Chapter 8: Suppression is Impossible"
If this book seems to take a contradictory stance, expressing both optimism and concern about technology, it is because this contradictory perspective is the most honest assessment of our current situation.
Our great-grandparents would have been amazed by the abundance of the world we live in.
But at the same time, they would have been shocked by the vulnerability and dangers of this world.
With the coming wave, we face not only real threats with potentially catastrophic consequences, but even threats to the very existence of our species.
Technology is both our greatest strength and our worst weakness.
There is no one-size-fits-all approach that can truly capture the essence of these technologies.
The only way to approach technology consistently is to acknowledge and understand both aspects simultaneously.
Over the past decade, this dilemma has become more pronounced, and the need to address it has become more urgent.
When you look at the world, suppression seems impossible.
But as we follow the consequences of the coming wave, one thing becomes clear.
The fact is that suppression must be possible for everyone.
---From "Chapter 12 Dilemmas"
I think it is impossible in our current world to contain the coming wave.
However, these measures can change the fundamental conditions.
We must create an opportunity to improve the current situation even a little and curb it.
We must approach this with the understanding that all of this may fail, but it is the best we can do to create a world where human prosperity and restraint can coexist.
There are no guarantees or magic solutions here.
Those expecting a surefire, quick solution or a clever answer may be disappointed.
When faced with a dilemma, we tend to adopt the very human attitude of doing our best and waiting for a positive outcome.
Here are 10 solutions I can think of:
---From "Chapter 14: Ten Steps to Suppression"
Publisher's Review
A shocking future outlook from an author who is rewriting the history of technological revolution at the forefront of the AI revolution.
“Where is the explosive development of AI and new technologies leading humanity?”
“How far can we control and restrain this amazing technology?”
In this book, author Mustafa Suleiman argues that the advancement of AI will redefine humanity in the near future.
He argues that just as the invention of fire, the wheel, and electricity completely changed the course of human history, AI will play a similar role, bringing us to the most important juncture in the history of our species.
That means we are facing a new wave.
He cites asymmetry, hyper-evolvability, omnipotence, and autonomy as the unique characteristics of the coming wave, emphasizing its universal usability, which he calls omni-use technology. He predicts that AI is the "new electricity," deeply penetrating our daily lives and combining with diverse fields like robotics, biology, and chemistry to drive the advancement of these industries.
It is also predicted that fields such as quantum computing will help AI develop, and AI will help them advance to the next level, creating a virtuous cycle.
This will lead to rapid and widespread development of AI and related industries, and the development of synthetic biology, which creates new creatures or modifies related functions, will redefine the definition of human beings.
The inevitable future,
It must be possible to suppress
The author's concern is how we can control and contain this future, this inevitable change.
Big tech companies and countries around the world, like in the past, will have no choice but to risk their lives developing AI technology.
The problem is that, unlike nuclear weapons, AI technology is so general and versatile that traditional methods of regulation will fail.
The author cites the failure of the Luddite movement, which opposed new technologies in the past, as an example, and says that AI technology will be the same.
He argues that for governments and society to properly manage AI technology, "containment" is essential. Rather than regulating AI individually, he argues that we should explore and develop various policies that can appropriately control AI, including governance, governance structures, and technologies that can contain it.
This book shares concerns that AI could alter the future of humanity as we know it, along with hopes that AI could be a blessing for humanity if properly controlled and restrained.
Above all, the true value of this book lies in its presentation of a predictable future and alternatives for appropriate responses to it.
With the approaching great wave and the future of humanity being upended by it, what choices will we make? In "The Coming Wave," we explore the answers together.
Main contents of this book
Part 1 of this book explores the long history of technology, which has evolved over thousands of years, and how waves of technological change spread.
What drives technology? What makes technology universal? We also examine whether there have been societies that have consciously rejected new technologies.
Part 2 takes a closer look at the coming wave.
At the heart of this wave are two general-purpose technologies with enormous potential, power, and risk: artificial intelligence and synthetic biology.
The impact of these two technologies has long been anticipated, but their impact is often underestimated.
These two technologies will be the catalyst for complex and turbulent developments in related technologies, such as robotics and quantum computing.
Here, we'll explore how these technologies emerged and what they can do, as well as why they're so difficult to suppress.
Part 3 explores the political implications of the massive redistribution of power that will result from the unchecked wave of technology.
The foundation of the current political order and the most important agent of technological restraint is the nation-state.
A nation already reeling from crisis will be further weakened by a series of shocks amplified by new waves of violence, a deluge of misinformation, lost jobs, and deadly accidents.
Furthermore, the wave will trigger a series of tectonic shifts that will simultaneously lead to centralization and decentralization.
This will create new giant corporations and strengthen authoritarianism, while also empowering groups and movements that operate outside traditional social structures.
The sophisticated negotiations of the nation-state will come under enormous pressure just when we need such institutions most.
Ultimately, this leaves us in a dilemma.
In Part 4, we move on to discussing what we can do.
Is there even a chance of containing technology and escaping this dilemma? If so, what are the options? This section outlines how to establish a rough plan for containment, a set of rigorous and overlapping constraints, divided into ten steps, from the code and DNA level to the international treaty level.
“Where is the explosive development of AI and new technologies leading humanity?”
“How far can we control and restrain this amazing technology?”
In this book, author Mustafa Suleiman argues that the advancement of AI will redefine humanity in the near future.
He argues that just as the invention of fire, the wheel, and electricity completely changed the course of human history, AI will play a similar role, bringing us to the most important juncture in the history of our species.
That means we are facing a new wave.
He cites asymmetry, hyper-evolvability, omnipotence, and autonomy as the unique characteristics of the coming wave, emphasizing its universal usability, which he calls omni-use technology. He predicts that AI is the "new electricity," deeply penetrating our daily lives and combining with diverse fields like robotics, biology, and chemistry to drive the advancement of these industries.
It is also predicted that fields such as quantum computing will help AI develop, and AI will help them advance to the next level, creating a virtuous cycle.
This will lead to rapid and widespread development of AI and related industries, and the development of synthetic biology, which creates new creatures or modifies related functions, will redefine the definition of human beings.
The inevitable future,
It must be possible to suppress
The author's concern is how we can control and contain this future, this inevitable change.
Big tech companies and countries around the world, like in the past, will have no choice but to risk their lives developing AI technology.
The problem is that, unlike nuclear weapons, AI technology is so general and versatile that traditional methods of regulation will fail.
The author cites the failure of the Luddite movement, which opposed new technologies in the past, as an example, and says that AI technology will be the same.
He argues that for governments and society to properly manage AI technology, "containment" is essential. Rather than regulating AI individually, he argues that we should explore and develop various policies that can appropriately control AI, including governance, governance structures, and technologies that can contain it.
This book shares concerns that AI could alter the future of humanity as we know it, along with hopes that AI could be a blessing for humanity if properly controlled and restrained.
Above all, the true value of this book lies in its presentation of a predictable future and alternatives for appropriate responses to it.
With the approaching great wave and the future of humanity being upended by it, what choices will we make? In "The Coming Wave," we explore the answers together.
Main contents of this book
Part 1 of this book explores the long history of technology, which has evolved over thousands of years, and how waves of technological change spread.
What drives technology? What makes technology universal? We also examine whether there have been societies that have consciously rejected new technologies.
Part 2 takes a closer look at the coming wave.
At the heart of this wave are two general-purpose technologies with enormous potential, power, and risk: artificial intelligence and synthetic biology.
The impact of these two technologies has long been anticipated, but their impact is often underestimated.
These two technologies will be the catalyst for complex and turbulent developments in related technologies, such as robotics and quantum computing.
Here, we'll explore how these technologies emerged and what they can do, as well as why they're so difficult to suppress.
Part 3 explores the political implications of the massive redistribution of power that will result from the unchecked wave of technology.
The foundation of the current political order and the most important agent of technological restraint is the nation-state.
A nation already reeling from crisis will be further weakened by a series of shocks amplified by new waves of violence, a deluge of misinformation, lost jobs, and deadly accidents.
Furthermore, the wave will trigger a series of tectonic shifts that will simultaneously lead to centralization and decentralization.
This will create new giant corporations and strengthen authoritarianism, while also empowering groups and movements that operate outside traditional social structures.
The sophisticated negotiations of the nation-state will come under enormous pressure just when we need such institutions most.
Ultimately, this leaves us in a dilemma.
In Part 4, we move on to discussing what we can do.
Is there even a chance of containing technology and escaping this dilemma? If so, what are the options? This section outlines how to establish a rough plan for containment, a set of rigorous and overlapping constraints, divided into ten steps, from the code and DNA level to the international treaty level.
GOODS SPECIFICS
- Date of issue: January 11, 2024
- Format: Hardcover book binding method guide
- Page count, weight, size: 512 pages | 930g | 145*215*35mm
- ISBN13: 9791160079982
- ISBN10: 1160079986
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