mind machine
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Book Introduction
A welcome book that provides a balanced philosophical analysis of matter and mind, essential in the age of artificial intelligence!
- Lee Sang-wook (Professor, Department of Philosophy and Department of Artificial Intelligence, Hanyang University)
The most accessible introduction to the core philosophical issues in the science of mind!
- Andy Clarke (Professor of Philosophy, University of Sussex, author of Supersizing the Mind)
The most excellent discussion on the directionality of the mind!
-David Armstrong (Professor of Philosophy, University of Sydney, author of The Materialist Mind)
Can artificial intelligence think?
What is thinking, and what is the difference between machine intelligence and human intelligence?
Hear philosophical answers to questions about thought, the mind, and the heart in the age of artificial intelligence.
Living in the age of artificial intelligence, we witness machine intelligence breaking down its limitations and expanding its capabilities day by day.
People have begun to entrust various tasks that would have originally been performed by human intelligence to artificial intelligence, which seems capable of not only calculating and analyzing on command but also perceiving, understanding, reasoning, judging, and sometimes even expressing intentions and emotions.
Gather information, review and organize it according to certain criteria, or pour out your feelings and receive comfort or advice.
Amidst this frightening growth of artificial intelligence, paradoxically, we are being asked to answer questions about the nature and uniqueness of human thought.
Will our intelligence one day be replaced by artificial intelligence? Can AI truly think like humans? Even if that's impossible, what can we say are the essential differences between AI and human thought? What exactly is human thought and the mind? Can it be explained scientifically, or does it require a unique, unscientific explanation?
These questions have been actively explored in recent artificial intelligence research and cognitive science, but there are fields that have been grappling with this issue for a longer time.
It is the philosophy of mind that deals with human thoughts, mind, spirit and consciousness.
The philosophy of mind traces its roots back to ancient Greek philosophy, but it truly developed around the 17th-century philosopher Descartes. It is closely linked to analytical philosophy, philosophy of language, and philosophy of science, and has become a central current in modern Anglo-American philosophy.
Such philosophy of mind, and more broadly, modern philosophy in general, has been wrestling with the problem of 'representation,' which is considered an essential characteristic of human thought.
This is the question of 'how can the human mind point to specific concepts, ideas, images, desires, beliefs, etc.' This book closely examines and refutes the major discussions in the philosophy of mind that have attempted to answer this question, and seeks to deeply explore the nature of human thought.
- Lee Sang-wook (Professor, Department of Philosophy and Department of Artificial Intelligence, Hanyang University)
The most accessible introduction to the core philosophical issues in the science of mind!
- Andy Clarke (Professor of Philosophy, University of Sussex, author of Supersizing the Mind)
The most excellent discussion on the directionality of the mind!
-David Armstrong (Professor of Philosophy, University of Sydney, author of The Materialist Mind)
Can artificial intelligence think?
What is thinking, and what is the difference between machine intelligence and human intelligence?
Hear philosophical answers to questions about thought, the mind, and the heart in the age of artificial intelligence.
Living in the age of artificial intelligence, we witness machine intelligence breaking down its limitations and expanding its capabilities day by day.
People have begun to entrust various tasks that would have originally been performed by human intelligence to artificial intelligence, which seems capable of not only calculating and analyzing on command but also perceiving, understanding, reasoning, judging, and sometimes even expressing intentions and emotions.
Gather information, review and organize it according to certain criteria, or pour out your feelings and receive comfort or advice.
Amidst this frightening growth of artificial intelligence, paradoxically, we are being asked to answer questions about the nature and uniqueness of human thought.
Will our intelligence one day be replaced by artificial intelligence? Can AI truly think like humans? Even if that's impossible, what can we say are the essential differences between AI and human thought? What exactly is human thought and the mind? Can it be explained scientifically, or does it require a unique, unscientific explanation?
These questions have been actively explored in recent artificial intelligence research and cognitive science, but there are fields that have been grappling with this issue for a longer time.
It is the philosophy of mind that deals with human thoughts, mind, spirit and consciousness.
The philosophy of mind traces its roots back to ancient Greek philosophy, but it truly developed around the 17th-century philosopher Descartes. It is closely linked to analytical philosophy, philosophy of language, and philosophy of science, and has become a central current in modern Anglo-American philosophy.
Such philosophy of mind, and more broadly, modern philosophy in general, has been wrestling with the problem of 'representation,' which is considered an essential characteristic of human thought.
This is the question of 'how can the human mind point to specific concepts, ideas, images, desires, beliefs, etc.' This book closely examines and refutes the major discussions in the philosophy of mind that have attempted to answer this question, and seeks to deeply explore the nature of human thought.
- You can preview some of the book's contents.
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index
Preface to the 3rd Edition 7
Preface to the 2nd Edition 10
Preface to the First Edition 11
Chapter 1: What is a Mind Machine? 18
1.1 Mechanistic Worldview 18
1.2 Mechanistic Worldview and the Mind 23
1.3 Structure of this book 27
Chapter 2: The Mystery of Representation 29
2.1 The Mysterious Identity 29
2.2 The concept of representation 33
2.3 Similarity to Figure 37
2.4 Language Representation 46
2.5 Conclusion: Pictures, Words, and Interpretation 50
Chapter 3 Mental Representations 51
3.1 Introduction to Mental Representations 51
3.2 Thought and Consciousness 57
3.3 Orientation 63
3.4 Brentano Thesis 72
3.5 Conclusion: From Representation to Mind 78
Chapter 4: Understanding Thinkers and Their Thinking 79
4.1 Mental and Physical Problems 79
4.2 Understanding Other Minds 86
4.3 Causal Diagram of Accidents 98
4.4 Conclusion: From a Causal Picture of Thought to a Science of Mind 109
Chapter 5: Common Sense Psychology and Science 111
5.1 Common Sense Psychology 111
5.2 The Science of Thinking: Elimination or Advocacy? 123
5.3 Theory vs. Simulation 133
5.4 Conclusion: From representation to calculation 138
Chapter 6: Computation and Representation 141
6.1 Asking the Right Questions 141
6.2 Calculations, Functions, and Algorithms 144
6.3 Turing Machine 153
6.4 Coding and Signing 164
6.5 Illustrate functions and compute functions 167
6.6 Automatic Algorithm 170
6.7 Conclusion: What is a Computer? 176
Chapter 7: Can Computers Think? 179
7.1 Thinking Computers? 179
7.2 Artificial Intelligence 186
7.3 Can thinking be captured in rules and representations? 192
7.4 Chinese Room 200
7.5 Conclusion: Can Computers Think? 207
Chapter 8: The Mechanism of Thinking 210
8.1 Cognition, Computation, and Functionalism 210
8.2 The Language of Thought 216
8.3 The Pros and Cons of the Language of Thought 225
8.4 'Brain-like' Computer 242
8.5 Conclusion: Does Computation Explain Representation? 253
Chapter 9: Explanation of Mental Representations 254
9.1 Reduction and Justice 254
9.2 Conceptual and Naturalistic Definitions 259
9.3 Causal Theories of Mental Representation 263
9.4 Error Issue 267
9.5 Conclusion: The Importance of Errors 279
Chapter 10: The Biological Basis of the Mind Machine 280
10.1 Mental Representations, Organisms, and Agency 280
10.2 Mental Representations and Biological Functions 287
10.3 Evolution and the Mind 294
10.4 Modularity of the Mind 302
10.5 Conclusion: The Status of Organisms 310
Chapter 11: The Scope of the Mind 312
11.1 Orientation as a Relationship 312
11.2 Externalism on Content 317
11.3 Externalism on the Bearer: The 'Extended Mind' 323
11.4 Embodiment and Active Cognition 329
11.5 Conclusion: The Scope of the Mind 341
Chapter 12: A Non-Reductive View of Mental Representations 343
12.1 Against Reduction and Justice 343
12.2 Non-reductive views of computation and representation 350
12.3 Scientific Models and Models of the Mind 357
12.4 Conclusion: Can Representations Be Explained Reductively? 363
Chapter 13: Consciousness and the Mind Machine 366
13.1 The Story So Far 366
13.2 Consciousness, 'How It Feels', and Qualia 372
13.3 Consciousness and Physicalism 378
13.4 The Limits of Scientific Knowledge 390
13.5 Conclusion: What Does the Problem of Consciousness Tell Us About the Mind Machine? 395
Recommended Reading List 397
Glossary 416
Timeline: Key Events Related to the Mind Machine 422
Translator's Note 427
Search 434
Preface to the 2nd Edition 10
Preface to the First Edition 11
Chapter 1: What is a Mind Machine? 18
1.1 Mechanistic Worldview 18
1.2 Mechanistic Worldview and the Mind 23
1.3 Structure of this book 27
Chapter 2: The Mystery of Representation 29
2.1 The Mysterious Identity 29
2.2 The concept of representation 33
2.3 Similarity to Figure 37
2.4 Language Representation 46
2.5 Conclusion: Pictures, Words, and Interpretation 50
Chapter 3 Mental Representations 51
3.1 Introduction to Mental Representations 51
3.2 Thought and Consciousness 57
3.3 Orientation 63
3.4 Brentano Thesis 72
3.5 Conclusion: From Representation to Mind 78
Chapter 4: Understanding Thinkers and Their Thinking 79
4.1 Mental and Physical Problems 79
4.2 Understanding Other Minds 86
4.3 Causal Diagram of Accidents 98
4.4 Conclusion: From a Causal Picture of Thought to a Science of Mind 109
Chapter 5: Common Sense Psychology and Science 111
5.1 Common Sense Psychology 111
5.2 The Science of Thinking: Elimination or Advocacy? 123
5.3 Theory vs. Simulation 133
5.4 Conclusion: From representation to calculation 138
Chapter 6: Computation and Representation 141
6.1 Asking the Right Questions 141
6.2 Calculations, Functions, and Algorithms 144
6.3 Turing Machine 153
6.4 Coding and Signing 164
6.5 Illustrate functions and compute functions 167
6.6 Automatic Algorithm 170
6.7 Conclusion: What is a Computer? 176
Chapter 7: Can Computers Think? 179
7.1 Thinking Computers? 179
7.2 Artificial Intelligence 186
7.3 Can thinking be captured in rules and representations? 192
7.4 Chinese Room 200
7.5 Conclusion: Can Computers Think? 207
Chapter 8: The Mechanism of Thinking 210
8.1 Cognition, Computation, and Functionalism 210
8.2 The Language of Thought 216
8.3 The Pros and Cons of the Language of Thought 225
8.4 'Brain-like' Computer 242
8.5 Conclusion: Does Computation Explain Representation? 253
Chapter 9: Explanation of Mental Representations 254
9.1 Reduction and Justice 254
9.2 Conceptual and Naturalistic Definitions 259
9.3 Causal Theories of Mental Representation 263
9.4 Error Issue 267
9.5 Conclusion: The Importance of Errors 279
Chapter 10: The Biological Basis of the Mind Machine 280
10.1 Mental Representations, Organisms, and Agency 280
10.2 Mental Representations and Biological Functions 287
10.3 Evolution and the Mind 294
10.4 Modularity of the Mind 302
10.5 Conclusion: The Status of Organisms 310
Chapter 11: The Scope of the Mind 312
11.1 Orientation as a Relationship 312
11.2 Externalism on Content 317
11.3 Externalism on the Bearer: The 'Extended Mind' 323
11.4 Embodiment and Active Cognition 329
11.5 Conclusion: The Scope of the Mind 341
Chapter 12: A Non-Reductive View of Mental Representations 343
12.1 Against Reduction and Justice 343
12.2 Non-reductive views of computation and representation 350
12.3 Scientific Models and Models of the Mind 357
12.4 Conclusion: Can Representations Be Explained Reductively? 363
Chapter 13: Consciousness and the Mind Machine 366
13.1 The Story So Far 366
13.2 Consciousness, 'How It Feels', and Qualia 372
13.3 Consciousness and Physicalism 378
13.4 The Limits of Scientific Knowledge 390
13.5 Conclusion: What Does the Problem of Consciousness Tell Us About the Mind Machine? 395
Recommended Reading List 397
Glossary 416
Timeline: Key Events Related to the Mind Machine 422
Translator's Note 427
Search 434
Detailed image
Into the book
This book deals with the philosophical problem of mental representation.
How can the mind represent something? How do various mental states—thoughts, experiences, desires, intentions—represent other things? For example, my belief that Nixon visited China is about Nixon and China.
But how can any state of my mind be "about" Nixon or China? How can my states of mind be oriented toward Nixon and China? What exactly does it mean for a mind to represent something? Further, what exactly does it mean for something (mind or anything else) to represent something else? This problem, which modern philosophers call "the problem of intentionality," has a long history.
However, recent developments in the philosophy of mind, along with advances in related fields such as linguistics, psychology, and artificial intelligence, have raised old questions in new ways.
For example, these days the question of whether computers can think is closely linked to the question of intentionality.
And the question of whether there can be a 'science of thought' is equally relevant: can the mind be explained by science, or does it require some unique and unscientific explanation of its own?
The complete answer to this question, as we will see, depends on the nature of mental representations.
--- p.18~19
What I mean by saying that hope, faith, desire, etc. represent the world is that each of them is directed at something.
If you hope, you hope for something; if you believe, you believe something; if you desire, you desire something.
It makes no sense to think that someone just hopes without having anything to hope for, or believes without having anything to believe in, or desires without having anything to desire.
Whatever you believe or desire is represented by your beliefs and desires.
It would be convenient to have some general term to refer to states of mind that represent the world or some aspect of the world.
I will use the word 'thought' because it seems to be the most common and neutral term in our everyday mental vocabulary.
From now on in this book, I will use the word 'thought' to refer to all representative mental states.
Thus, states such as belief, desire, hope, love, etc., are all thoughts in the sense that I mean, in that they represent things.
--- p.51~52
Many psychologists and philosophers believe that the mind is a kind of computer.
There are many reasons why they think this way, but the point that connects to our current topic is that computers are causal mechanisms that deal with representations.
In this chapter and the next, I will explain this idea and show how it relates to problems surrounding thought and representation.
--- p.141~142
So what is the core of a computer? The rough definition I'll eventually arrive at is this:
A computer is a device that processes representations in a systematic way.
This term is somewhat ambiguous until we understand more precisely the words 'processing', 'representation', and 'systematic'.
To understand these concepts, there are two more concepts we need to understand.
The first is a somewhat mathematical concept called computation.
The second is how calculations can be automated.
--- p.144
The philosophically interesting idea behind AI is the idea of creating a thinking computer (or some similar machine).
Clearly, this is an interesting question in itself, but if people like Borden are right, the project of building thinking computers will help us understand what intelligence (or thinking) is in general.
In other words, we can learn about thinking by building a thinking computer.
How can the mind represent something? How do various mental states—thoughts, experiences, desires, intentions—represent other things? For example, my belief that Nixon visited China is about Nixon and China.
But how can any state of my mind be "about" Nixon or China? How can my states of mind be oriented toward Nixon and China? What exactly does it mean for a mind to represent something? Further, what exactly does it mean for something (mind or anything else) to represent something else? This problem, which modern philosophers call "the problem of intentionality," has a long history.
However, recent developments in the philosophy of mind, along with advances in related fields such as linguistics, psychology, and artificial intelligence, have raised old questions in new ways.
For example, these days the question of whether computers can think is closely linked to the question of intentionality.
And the question of whether there can be a 'science of thought' is equally relevant: can the mind be explained by science, or does it require some unique and unscientific explanation of its own?
The complete answer to this question, as we will see, depends on the nature of mental representations.
--- p.18~19
What I mean by saying that hope, faith, desire, etc. represent the world is that each of them is directed at something.
If you hope, you hope for something; if you believe, you believe something; if you desire, you desire something.
It makes no sense to think that someone just hopes without having anything to hope for, or believes without having anything to believe in, or desires without having anything to desire.
Whatever you believe or desire is represented by your beliefs and desires.
It would be convenient to have some general term to refer to states of mind that represent the world or some aspect of the world.
I will use the word 'thought' because it seems to be the most common and neutral term in our everyday mental vocabulary.
From now on in this book, I will use the word 'thought' to refer to all representative mental states.
Thus, states such as belief, desire, hope, love, etc., are all thoughts in the sense that I mean, in that they represent things.
--- p.51~52
Many psychologists and philosophers believe that the mind is a kind of computer.
There are many reasons why they think this way, but the point that connects to our current topic is that computers are causal mechanisms that deal with representations.
In this chapter and the next, I will explain this idea and show how it relates to problems surrounding thought and representation.
--- p.141~142
So what is the core of a computer? The rough definition I'll eventually arrive at is this:
A computer is a device that processes representations in a systematic way.
This term is somewhat ambiguous until we understand more precisely the words 'processing', 'representation', and 'systematic'.
To understand these concepts, there are two more concepts we need to understand.
The first is a somewhat mathematical concept called computation.
The second is how calculations can be automated.
--- p.144
The philosophically interesting idea behind AI is the idea of creating a thinking computer (or some similar machine).
Clearly, this is an interesting question in itself, but if people like Borden are right, the project of building thinking computers will help us understand what intelligence (or thinking) is in general.
In other words, we can learn about thinking by building a thinking computer.
--- p.187
Publisher's Review
Learn the core theory by following one question
An Introduction to Philosophy of Psychology for Everyone
Unlike typical introductory books on the philosophy of mind that cover major theories in chronological order, such as mind-body dualism, behaviorism, mind-body identity theory, functionalism, and eliminativism, this book introduces the core discussions of the philosophy of mind by seeking an answer to one central question: "How can the mind represent the world?"
Chapter 1 briefly introduces the mechanistic worldview, which views the human mind as a mechanism and machine that operates systematically and regularly, and then outlines the structure of this book.
Chapter 2 introduces the concept of representation and examines the general characteristics of representation through pictorial representation and linguistic representation.
Chapter 3 moves on to the problem of mental representation in order to understand the nature of representation, and argues that interpretation is derived from the mind's intentionality.
We delve into this thought process and examine how the mind and thoughts are understood from a common-sense (non-scientific) perspective in Chapter 4 and from a scientific perspective in Chapter 5.
From Chapter 6 onwards, we compare the human mind and computers to understand the characteristics of the mind and thinking.
Chapter 6 introduces basic concepts for understanding the computer's thinking (computational) process, and Chapter 7 examines whether computers and artificial intelligence can think.
While computer computation cannot be thought, we discover that human thought is partly computational, and Chapter 8 examines whether the mechanisms of the mind are computational.
Chapter 9 examines attempts by mechanistic views of the mind to explain representation, and Chapter 10 explores another explanation that causal theories of representation must consider: the biological basis of organisms.
Chapter 11 examines externalism, extended mind theory, and active cognition as alternatives to the mechanistic mind, and Chapter 12 revisits attempts to define the concept of representation non-reductively.
In the final chapter 13, we briefly touch on ‘consciousness,’ a central issue in the philosophy of mind, along with ‘representation.’
This book meticulously develops these complex and diverse discussions through coherent logic and everyday examples, demonstrating the rigor and explanatory power that philosophical argumentation must possess.
Moreover, this narrative style makes it easy for anyone interested in the differences between humans and machines, as well as philosophy majors who seek to understand the nature of human thought, mind, and spirit, to understand the discussion.
Thanks to these characteristics, the original version of this book has been used as a textbook in many universities around the world, and has been praised as “the most friendly and excellent introductory book” by world-renowned philosophers such as Andy Clarke, David Armstrong, and Ned Block.
In addition, the book's end includes a "Recommended Reading List" for readers seeking in-depth material, a "Glossary" summarizing key concepts, and a "Timeline: Key Events Related to the Mechanistic Mind" that charts the development of mechanistic mind discussions, providing a wealth of useful resources for beginners.
Through this book, readers will be able to naturally understand the central issues in the philosophy of mind and achieve a profound understanding of human and machine thinking, mind, and matter.
An Introduction to Philosophy of Psychology for Everyone
Unlike typical introductory books on the philosophy of mind that cover major theories in chronological order, such as mind-body dualism, behaviorism, mind-body identity theory, functionalism, and eliminativism, this book introduces the core discussions of the philosophy of mind by seeking an answer to one central question: "How can the mind represent the world?"
Chapter 1 briefly introduces the mechanistic worldview, which views the human mind as a mechanism and machine that operates systematically and regularly, and then outlines the structure of this book.
Chapter 2 introduces the concept of representation and examines the general characteristics of representation through pictorial representation and linguistic representation.
Chapter 3 moves on to the problem of mental representation in order to understand the nature of representation, and argues that interpretation is derived from the mind's intentionality.
We delve into this thought process and examine how the mind and thoughts are understood from a common-sense (non-scientific) perspective in Chapter 4 and from a scientific perspective in Chapter 5.
From Chapter 6 onwards, we compare the human mind and computers to understand the characteristics of the mind and thinking.
Chapter 6 introduces basic concepts for understanding the computer's thinking (computational) process, and Chapter 7 examines whether computers and artificial intelligence can think.
While computer computation cannot be thought, we discover that human thought is partly computational, and Chapter 8 examines whether the mechanisms of the mind are computational.
Chapter 9 examines attempts by mechanistic views of the mind to explain representation, and Chapter 10 explores another explanation that causal theories of representation must consider: the biological basis of organisms.
Chapter 11 examines externalism, extended mind theory, and active cognition as alternatives to the mechanistic mind, and Chapter 12 revisits attempts to define the concept of representation non-reductively.
In the final chapter 13, we briefly touch on ‘consciousness,’ a central issue in the philosophy of mind, along with ‘representation.’
This book meticulously develops these complex and diverse discussions through coherent logic and everyday examples, demonstrating the rigor and explanatory power that philosophical argumentation must possess.
Moreover, this narrative style makes it easy for anyone interested in the differences between humans and machines, as well as philosophy majors who seek to understand the nature of human thought, mind, and spirit, to understand the discussion.
Thanks to these characteristics, the original version of this book has been used as a textbook in many universities around the world, and has been praised as “the most friendly and excellent introductory book” by world-renowned philosophers such as Andy Clarke, David Armstrong, and Ned Block.
In addition, the book's end includes a "Recommended Reading List" for readers seeking in-depth material, a "Glossary" summarizing key concepts, and a "Timeline: Key Events Related to the Mechanistic Mind" that charts the development of mechanistic mind discussions, providing a wealth of useful resources for beginners.
Through this book, readers will be able to naturally understand the central issues in the philosophy of mind and achieve a profound understanding of human and machine thinking, mind, and matter.
GOODS SPECIFICS
- Date of issue: October 24, 2025
- Page count, weight, size: 438 pages | 800g | 153*223*27mm
- ISBN13: 9788972971825
- ISBN10: 8972971820
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