Chapter 01 Understanding Sports / 13

1.
Etymology of Sports ······································································································15
2.
Defining Sport: An Evolutionary Perspective ·····························································16
1) Play and Sports ··················································································17
2) Games ·································································································23
3) Sports ·····························································································24
3.
Characteristics of Sports ···································································································25
1) Fiction ··········································································································26
2) Unproductivity ··········································································································26
3) Uncertainty ·······································································································26
4) Institutionalized regularity ··············································································27
5) Competitiveness ·····························································································27
6) Physical excellence ·································································································28
7) Institutionalization ··········································································································28
4.
Civilization and Sports ·······················································································29
1) The process of civilization ··································································································29
2) The process of civilizing sports ······················································································30
5.
Characteristics of Modern Sports ············································································································31
1) Secularism ·································································································32
2) Equality ·················································································32
3) Specialization ·················································································33
4) Rationalization ·················································································35
5) Bureaucratization ·································································35
6) Quantification ·················································································36
7) Record-seeking ·············································································37

Chapter 02 Sports Sociology Theory / 39

1.
Sports and Social Theory ····························································································41
1) The Role of Theory in Sports Sociology ····························································41
2) The nature of sports sociology theory ···············································································42
2.
Theory of Sports Sociology ···············································································43
1) Structural-functional theory: Sports are a source of vitality for life ·····················43
2) Conflict Theory: Sports is Opium ································································49
3) Critical Theory: Sports is a cultural industry that deceives the public ············58
4) Symbolic Interactionism ·············································································66
5) Exchange theory ·······································································································69

Chapter 03 Sports and Politics / 73

1.
The Relationship Between Sports and Politics ··········································································75
1) Are sports and politics unrelated? ·····························································75
2) Why is sports becoming politicized? ··········································································76
3) Two Approaches to Studying the Relationship Between Sports and Politics ················80
2.
Sports and Domestic Politics: Why Does the State Involve Its Role in Sports? ················82
1) Maintaining public order ··················································································82
2) Ensuring fairness and protecting human rights ············································································83
3) Maintaining health and fitness ····················································································83
4) Enhancing the status and power of a community or nation ·······················83
5) Promoting Identity and Unity ...........................................................................................................................83
6) Reproduction of dominant values ​​and ideology ················································84
7) Increased support for political leaders and governments ··················84
8) Promoting economic and social development ·································································84
3.
Sport and Politics in an International Context ········································································86
1) Diplomatic Use of the State ···················································································86
2) International Sports Governance ································································································92
4.
The Politics of Sports Mega-Events .................................................................................94
1) The Myth of Sports Mega-Event Legacy ································································94
2) Nationalism and Commercialism in Sports Mega-Events ······································99

Chapter 04 Sports and the Economy / 101

1.
Social Factors Influencing the Development of Modern Sports ················································103
1) Industrialization ··········································································································103
2) Urbanization ··········································································································104
3) Development of transportation and communication ·························································································104
2.
Sports and Commercialism ·············································································105
1) General social conditions for the emergence of commercial sports ·········································105
2) Commercialism and the Changes in Sports ··········································································106
3.
Professional Sports and Commercialism ·······················································································109
1) Economic Value of Professional Sports ·····························································109
2) Social Functions of Professional Sports ·····························································111
3) The various systems and duality of the commercialization of professional sports ················112
4.
Sports Mega-Events and Commercialism ·····················118
1) Economic Value of Sports Mega-Events ·····················118
2) Hosting a sports mega-event to our country and its economic impact ·······················122
5.
Professional Sports and the Economy in Korea ···········································································125
1) The Birth of Early Professional Sports ················································································125
2) The full-scale launch of professional sports ······················································································126
3) Characteristics of Korean professional sports ·······································································127

Chapter 05 Sports and Media / 129

1.
Understanding Media ·································································································131
1) The role of the media ···············································································131
2) Classification of Media ·······························································································133
2.
Media Theory ·······································································································135
1) McLuhan's media theory ············································································135
2) Uses and Gratifications Theory ····························································································137
3) Social category theory ·······························································································138
4) Network Society Theory ····································································139
5) Cultural Studies Theory ···············································································140
3.
The Effects of Media Sports ··························································································142
4.
The Birth of Media Sports ·······················································································144
1) The concept of media sports ······················································································144
2) The intersection of sports and media ················································································144
3) The advent of TV and sports ······················································································145
4) Mediating Sports Mega-Events ·····146
5) The development of Korean media sports ·······································································148
5.
The Interaction Between Sports and Mass Media ········································································152
1) The Impact of Sports on the Media ··································································152
2) The influence of media on sports ··································································153
6.
Ideological Propagation in Media Sports ·······································································154
1) Capitalist Ideology ······················································································155
2) Sexist ideology ·········································································································155
3) Success Ideology ····························································································156
4) Heroic Ideology ····························································································156
5) Other ideologies ····························································································157
7.
Sports Journalism and Ethics ····································································157

Chapter 06 Sports, Education, and Development / 159

1.
Understanding Sports Education and Development ················································································161
2.
What is Sports Development? ·················································································162
1) Sports Development ··································································································163
2) Sports Education ··································································································163
3) Sports Policy ·······················································································163
3.
Purpose of Sports Promotion ··························································································165
1) Development of Sport itself ···········165
2) Development through Sport ········166
4.
Model of Sports Development ·············································································166
1) Pyramid Model ····························································································167
2) Trickle-down effects model ·········································167
3) Virtuous Cycle Model ···················································································167
4) Criticism of the Virtuous Cycle Model ·············································································168
5) The reality of sports development ·························································································172
5.
The Subject of Sports Promotion: Sports Promotion Governance ···········································174
1) Government: Hierarchical Relationships ·························································································176
2) Market: Competitive Relationships ············································································176
3) Civil Society: Reciprocal, Voluntary, Network Relationships ·····································177
4) Hybridity and Politics of Sports Governance ················································178
6.
The Current State and Prospects of Korea's Sports Development System ···················179
1) The meaning and stages of educational equality ······························································179
2) Hierarchical system dependent on school bureaucracy ···········································181
3) Two systems governing sports development in Korea ················································184
4) Bureaucratic mechanisms for sports development ·················································································186
5) Problems with Korea's sports development system ··································································189
6) Attempts and Limitations of Improvement ·······················································································193

Chapter 07 Sports Socialization / 199

1.
The Meaning of Sports Socialization ·······················································································201
2.
Socialization Theory ·······································································································202
1) Social learning theory ····························202
2) Role theory ·················································································202
3) Reference group theory ······································203
3.
The Process of Sports Socialization ························································································203
1) Socialization through sports ·························································································204
2) Socialization through sports ··································································208
3) Desocialization in Sports ··································································212
4) Resocialization into Sports ······················································································213

Chapter 08: Sports and Social Class / 215

1.
What is a hierarchy? ··························································································217
1) Marx's Class: The Economy Determines Class ····································217
2) Weber's stratification: Stratification is multi-layered ···············218
3) Bourdieu's Class: Economy, Culture, and Social Capital ···················································219
2.
The Social Class Characteristics of Sports ··································································221
1) Tumin's Five Characteristics of Social Class ·······················································································222
2) The social constructivism of sports ·······································································225
3.
Social Class and Sports Participation ·······················································································227
1) Sports Participation According to Economic and Socio-Cultural Differences··················227
2) Bourdieu's Class-Based Sports Participation ··················229
4.
Sports and Social Mobility ··························································································235
1) Types of hierarchical mobility ····························································································236
2) The Role of Sports as a Mobility Mechanism ································································236

Chapter 09 Sports and Gender / 239

1.
Understanding Gender ·································································································241
1) Social Construction of Gender ·······················································································241
2) Social characteristics of gender ·······················································································242
2.
Various Perspectives on Gender Inequality ··················································246
1) Liberal Feminism ·························································································246
2) Marxist Feminism ·················································································248
3) Radical Feminism ·········································································································250
4) Male Feminism ············································································································252
3.
The Reality of Gender Inequality in Sports ················································································255
1) Inequality in women's participation in sports ········································································255
2) Unequal compensation for female athletes ·······································································258
3) Employment inequality among female leaders ·················································································································259
4) Dichotomous Gender Classification in Sports ·······················································································261
4.
Reproduction of Discriminatory Gender Ideology ····························263
1) Formation of Gender Inequality Ideology: Prejudices ··········································263
2) Spread of Gender Inequality Ideology: Media ··········································266
3) Reproduction of Gender Inequality Ideology in Sports: Sports ··········266

Chapter 10: Sports and Deviance / 269

1.
Understanding Sports Deviance ··························································································271
1) Approaches to Sports Deviance ···········································································272
2) Types of sports deviations ·························································································275
3) Sports ethics and deviant excessive conformity ······················································276
2.
Sociological Theory of Sports Deviance ·······························································278
1) Structural-functionalist perspective ·························································································279
2) Conflict perspective ····························································································282
3) Interactionist perspective ·························································································285
3.
The Function of Sports Deviance ·············································································287
1) Dysfunctional effects of sports deviance ·················································································287
2) The positive functions of sports deviations ······················································································288
4.
Types of Deviant Behavior in Sports ······················································································289
1) Violence ···········································································································289
2) Misconduct ······································································································292
3) Criminal acts ········································································································293
4) Doping ·············································································································293
5.
A Case Study of Deviant Behavior in Sports: A Theoretical Approach to Match-Fixing ··········294
1) What is match-fixing? ···············································································294
2) Types of match-fixing ····························································································295
3) Theoretical Approaches to Match-Fixing ··································································297

Chapter 11 Sports and Collective Action / 305

1.
Understanding Sports Spectator Behavior ··················································································307
1) Types of sports spectators ····················································································307
2) Positive Functions of Sports Spectator Behavior ································································308
3) Dysfunctional behavior of sports spectators ································································308
2.
Types of Sports Spectator Behavior ··················································································309
1) Issue-based spectator behavior ·······························································································309
2) Non-contentious spectator behavior ················································································································································309
3.
The Reality of Sports Collective Action ··················································································310
1) Carnivalesque collective action ·························································································310
2) Violent collective action ····························································································311
4.
Understanding Collective Behavior ·················································································315
1) Causes of violent collective action ················································································315
2) Theoretical Understanding of Collective Action ··················································································317
3) Theoretical Understanding of Violent Collective Action ··················320
5.
Violent Collective Action Control Strategies ...........................................................................324

Chapter 12: Sports and Social Organization / 327

1.
Understanding Sports Groups ························································································329
1) Definition of a sports group ·······················································································329
2) Status and Role of Sports Groups ········································································330
3) Classification of sports groups ····················································································332
4) Formation and development of sports groups ···························································333
2.
Sports and Social Organizations ·····························································································336
1) Understanding Sports Organizations ·······················································································336
2) Structural characteristics of sports organizations ··········································································336
3) Types and levels of sports organizations ···································································································································338
4) Cultural characteristics of sports organizations ··········································································339
3.
Understanding International Sports Organizations ·······················································································340
1) International Olympic Committee (IOC) ················································································340
2) National Olympic Committee (NOC) ················································································342
3) International Federations (IFs) ·············································································343
4.
Understanding Domestic Sports Organizations ·······················································································344
1) Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism ·····························································································344
2) Korea Sports Council ··················································································································344
3) Korea Sports Promotion Foundation ·································································································································346

Chapter 13: Sports and Globalization / 349

1.
Understanding the Globalization of Sports ························································································351
1) Definition of the globalization of sports ················································································351
2) Spread of Modern Sports ·························································································352
2.
Driving Forces of Sports Globalization ························································································355
1) Imperialism ·················································································356
2) Nationalism ··········································································································358
3) Religion ···········································································································360
4) Technological advancements ·························································································360
3.
Sports in the Neoliberal Era ················································································361
1) Understanding Neoliberal Globalization ·····························································361
2) Neoliberal globalization of sports ······································································································362
3) The Shadow of Neoliberal Globalization ······································································363
4) Cultural Imperialism in the Neoliberal Era ·································································364

Sports sociology focuses on the numerous discourses that exist in the world of sports.
Because there is a reason and purpose in the discourse.
Most people are not very critical of the discourse that sports produce.
I just accept it as it is.
But if you look closely, you will find that there are many cases where it is caught up in numerous errors and prejudices.
However, sports sociology rejects this and recommends that we reconsider.
'Is that really true?', 'If so, why is that so?' Sports sociology is an applied science with sociology as its parent discipline.
Therefore, most of the knowledge system of sports sociology relies on sociology.
Therefore, in order to understand sports sociology, it is necessary to understand what kind of discipline sociology is.

First, sociology is interested in society as a collection of individuals, not in individuals.
And it studies the relationships that take place within society, that is, the nature of social relations, their causes and effects, and the interactions between individuals and groups.
I am also interested in the study of the customs, structures, and institutions that arise from these interactions, and the influence of participation in all the forces, groups, and organizations that bind or weaken them on individual behavior and personality.
Sociology is concerned, either partially or universally, with the basic character of society and with the social processes that maintain its continuity or bring about change.
It is social life that regulates human behavior, and institutionalized social forms have a significant impact on human behavior.
Sociology therefore investigates not only how these forms are established, develop, interact, and disappear, but also how they function for individuals.


Second, the basic mind of sociology is American sociologist Wright Mills (C.
It is in 'The Sociological Imagination' presented by W. Mills.
Here, ‘sociological imagination’ does not mean understanding or recognizing a social phenomenon in a linear manner, but rather understanding it in a way that expands the related topic.
In this case, it also includes expanding the link between one member's actions and the social structure.
For example, it means an attitude of seeking the solution to the problem of youth unemployment not from individual unemployed youth, but from companies that pursue only capital efficiency and the social systems that support them.
This sociological imagination always begins with a critical and reflective attitude that seeks to step away from the familiar, established daily life and look at objects in a new way.
Sports sociology is an academic discipline that seeks to reinterpret the social relationships and phenomena that occur in the environment surrounding sports through a critical perspective, based on the basic attitudes and knowledge of sociology.
Sports sociology assumes that the various events that occur in the world of sports are not unrelated to the social systems in which we live.
In other words, sports phenomena are not independent phenomena that occur only within sports, but are closely related to various institutions of society, such as politics, economy, and education, and they mutually influence each other.
For this reason, sports sociology is written as 'Sociology of Sport' rather than 'Sport Sociology' in English.

One good way to help those new to the field of sport sociology understand it is to compare it to sport psychology.
In general, sports psychology focuses on the inner characteristics and processes of humans related to individual behavior.
Therefore, it mainly deals with motivation, perception, cognition, self-esteem, confidence, attitude, and personality.
Although sport psychology also studies dynamic relationships between individuals, such as communication, leadership, and social influence, it usually focuses on how such relational characteristics and processes influence characteristics and processes within the individual.


On the other hand, sports sociology focuses more on the relationship between people's actions and the social contexts in which they live.
In other words, the sociology of sport focuses on the reality outside and surrounding the individual, and is interested in how people form relationships with others and how they shape the social patterns that give meaning to and control over their lives.
Therefore, sports sociology focuses on the social meanings and dynamics related to social class, gender, race, ethnicity, and nation.