Horace Allen, who saved Min Yeong-ik from being stabbed by the reformists during the Gapsin Coup, gained the trust of Emperor Gojong and Minjungjeon and opened Gwanghyewon.
Pastors Appenzeller, Scranton, and Underwood, who were waiting in Japan to go on a mission to Joseon, also came to Joseon on the occasion of the opening of Gwanghyewon.
American Christian missionary work in Korea begins in earnest.
At the time of their arrival, all power in Joseon was seized by King Gojong, Min Jung-jeon, Min Yeong-jun, and Min Yeong-ik due to the failure of the Im-o Incident and the Gapsin Coup.
After that, Joseon collapsed under the tyranny of Emperor Gojong and the Min clan for 10 years until the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War in 1894.


The Christianity that American missionaries began to spread was a Protestant denomination based on Calvinism.
Calvinism led Europe, which had fallen into an apocalyptic situation as medieval feudal society collapsed, into modernity.
Scottish Calvinists reformed society by founding the Presbyterian Church and laid the foundation for the 'Scottish Enlightenment'.
Dutch Calvinists founded the Dutch Republic in 1588 and built the richest country in the world.
The English Calvinists, known as the 'Puritans', led the Puritan Revolution and crossed over to the New World to establish the United States of America.
The missionaries who came to Joseon armed with Calvinism and evangelicalism did not spread abstract theology, but instead jumped into reforming Joseon's daily life.
While preaching that Confucianism is evil and heretical, he does not allow any compromise with the state religion of Joseon, Zhu Xi's Neo-Confucianism.
Just as Zhu Xi's Neo-Confucianism, introduced at the end of the Goryeo Dynasty, directly challenged Buddhism, which had been the state religion for 1,000 years, Protestantism, introduced at the end of the Joseon Dynasty, directly challenged Zhu Xi's Neo-Confucianism, which had been the state religion of Joseon.
It was a "clash of civilizations."

Meanwhile, the Qing Dynasty attempted to reform through the 'Self-Strengthening Movement' and maintained its sovereignty over Joseon through skillful diplomacy.
Japan achieved remarkable development through its policy of strengthening its nation and military.
Entering the 1890s, Joseon's continued political instability eventually led to the intervention of the Qing and Japan.
Japan had retreated before the Qing's military power during the Im-o Incident and the Gapsin Coup, but it did not retreat in 1894.
That's how the Sino-Japanese War begins.