Introduction

Part 1: Maintaining Reason

Chapter 1: Galileo, Christianity, and the Separation of Church and State
Galileo, from Glory to Misery; Descartes, from Anger to Philosophy; Devil or Good God?; From Obscurity to Enlightenment; Faith and Belief

Chapter 2: Averroes, Islam and the Separation of Church and State
Some facts and reason need not remain silent. The process of large-scale liberation.

Chapter 3: Moses Maimonides, Jews, and the Separation of Church and State
God, in other words?ㆍLearning how to read

Chapter 4 Spinoza, Excommunicated Wisdom
Blessed and Cursed Children, Contagious Wisdom, The Philosophy of the Education System, Classical and Modern Ideas

Part 2: Creating Your Own Freedom

Chapter 5: Epictetus, Self-Inflicted Slavery
A True StoryㆍSeneca, the Emperor of the SubstituteㆍEpictetus, Becoming InvincibleㆍPascal, Impossible VictoryㆍIs It a Society of Entertainment or a Society of Despair?

Chapter 6: Diderot, Moral Consciousness with Pleasure
False morality mocks morality. The price of free thought. Morality without prohibitions or threats. Doing good for the sake of good?. Perspectives on life.

Chapter 7: Descartes, the Judge and the Assassin
Music, dance, fencing... and murder, absolute human freedom, and is there a God in all of this? Is a definite act still an act?

Part 3: Becoming Human

Chapter 8: Darwin, the Devout Evolutionist
Creationist Darwin, Real Obstacles, Scandals, The Origin of Man, Man Does Not Exist

Chapter 9: Diogenes, in Search of Man
A Dog's Life, Philosophy in Action, Nothing Between the Sun and Me, Nothing Above Man, Cynicism is Humanism

Chapter 10: Crates and Hipparchia
A test of a certain truth, a viewpoint, a person outside of oneself, the viewpoint of others, something looking at me

Chapter 11: Kant, Creative Freedom, and the Paleolithic Age
A True Story, Art That Is Everywhere and Nowhere, Kant's Excellence, Imitating Nature?, The Art of Being Human

Part 4: Maintaining Yourself

Chapter 12: Mandela, Justice Beyond the Law
A Thousand Reasons to RevengeㆍHuman, All Too HumanㆍJudge without RevengeㆍBelow the Law and Above the LawㆍBeyond the Law

Chapter 13: Rousseau, the Desire for Freedom
Some true stories, images and texts, money against the real economy, obey yourself, elected officials and voters, voluntary obedience, what is power?

Chapter 14: Pascal, Impossible Isolation
Who is the Lonely Walker? Who is the Misanthrope? What's on the Front of Your Head? What's on the Back of Your Head?

Chapter 15: Socrates, Not to Draw Conclusions
A True Story: The Accusations of Meletus, Lycon, and Anytus; Who is Socrates?; What is a Dialogue?; The Trial; The Death of Socrates; The Universal Legacy

Epilogue: Are There Female Philosophers?
Philosophy of the Oppressed, Hundreds of Women Philosophers, The Oppression of Women, The Renaissance of Women's Philosophy, The Light of Enlightenment for Women?, The Real Basis of Equality, Again: Are There No Women Philosophers?

References

To us who live in uncertain and anxious times,
Are the philosophies of ancient philosophers really valid?

The four main themes addressed in this book—the relationship between belief and reason, individual freedom, determinism, and the certainty of identity—lead to four more questions.
'How do we find a harmonious balance between faith that sometimes transcends reason and rational knowledge?'
'What role does freedom play in our actions?'
'Do I have a 'nature' that determines my life?'
"How can I live authentically in this age of rampant stereotypes, prejudice, and social media dominance?"
Surrounding this question, the reader encounters anecdotes of various philosophers, including Descartes investigating a crime, Rousseau being attacked by a dog, Diderot in prison, Darwin the evolutionist pleading with God, and Olympe de Gouges meditating on his way to the guillotine, confirming that philosophy was always present in their daily lives.

Let's ask a question about 'freedom', one of the four topics covered in this book.
'Can the cause of modern uncertainty then be traced to the decline of freedom?' No.
Freedom will never be lost.
First, it is important to properly define the meaning of freedom. Freedom does not mean the absence of rules, but rather the establishment of rules in which members of society participate.
Unlike the 'truths' that are forced upon everyone in the name of God or nature, democracy can be said to be the result of the process of freedom.
As Rousseau emphasized, 'truths' are determined by majority opinion and can be mistaken.


How can we distinguish between diverse beliefs? What is free in human behavior? Does nature determine human life, or can we constantly cultivate our character? How can we sustain ourselves within all that surrounds us in society? There are never definitive answers to these questions, and each question fosters the thinking of those who seek to take control of their own lives. Ultimately, we arrive at the Socratic methodology, the birthplace of modern philosophy.
A 'soul's conversation with itself' can never lead to a definitive conclusion.
This is why, etymologically, a philosopher is not a wise person, but someone who wants to be wise.

Never before have there been so many philosophers, writers, professors, and students from all walks of life, regardless of gender, as today.
Never before have so many books, magazines, and media devoted to the dynamism of modern philosophy been so available.
However, the problem facing modern society is that individuals do not participate in dialogue, and dialogue among thinkers alone cannot satisfy the current era.
All philosophical systems are rooted in real life.
Denis Diderot's motto, 'popularization of philosophy,' is more important than ever.
In these times of uncertainty and anxiety, we must seek the light that illuminates our path in contemplation, that is, in philosophy.