The use of bronze destroyed the primitive society where everyone was equal, and classes arose among people.
Gradually, economic dominance relationships were established between various groups within the tribe, and conflicts between tribes over access to key resources grew, leading to relationships of dominance and subordination among them.
And in the village, cheers and fences for defense appear.
Ulsan Geomdan-ri and Buyeo Songguk-ri are such examples.
Over time, the fence was replaced by a fortress, which resembled a Western castle-state.
---From “The Use of Bronze and the Formation of the State”

As ancient nations developed, the use of Chinese characters in writing began.
As the law was promulgated and document administration expanded, learning to read and write became an essential element of government appointments, and literacy education and Chinese classics were disseminated through institutions such as Gyeongdang and Hwarangdo.
The representative achievement of Chinese literature during the Three Kingdoms period is the Four Books.
The compilation of historical records led by the royal family is a symbolic project that speaks of the growth of an ancient state that pursued a centralized system, and Goguryeo
The concrete results include 『Yugi』 and 『Sinjip』, Silla's 『Guksa』, and Baekje's 『Seoggi』.
---From “Thoughts and Culture of the Three Kingdoms”

In addition to cultivating their own land, ordinary farmers also jointly cultivated the village head's land, the government-owned land, the official land, and the land paid to the state as tribute.
Meanwhile, seeing that the number of trees is also known, it seems that this was also subject to taxation.
In the end, ordinary farmers each owned their own land and were economically independent, but they also had to bear the labor required to jointly cultivate the common land allocated to the village, so it can be seen that a considerable amount of communal order remained.
---From "The Life of the People of Unified Silla"

The forces that led the resistance of the lower classes in each region were diverse, ranging from peasants of hyang, bugok, and so, to government slaves, private slaves, ordinary farmers, and monks, but they had one thing in common: they were poor people exploited by the ruling class.
Some of the rebellions that occurred at the time were unique in that they attempted to unite the local population by advocating for the revival of Silla, Goguryeo, and Baekje.
The legitimacy of the military regime was challenged by their resistance, and the entire ruling system appeared to be shaking.
However, the civil unrest of this era failed to bring about reform of the system and was buried in the national crisis of the Mongol invasion.
---From "Unmanned Rule and Civil War"

In order to make the expanded area into a permanent territory by establishing the 4th Army and 6th Garrison, it was necessary to secure farmland and faithfully maintain the people.
To this end, we actively promoted a civil policy at the national level.
After the northern territory expanded with the development of the 4th Army and 6th Garrison of Sejongdae, the immigration of civilians was actively promoted.
Of course, the target areas for civilians were not limited to the 4th Army and 6th Division.
Up to Sejong University, the target population is the local immigrant population.
It was the center and its purpose was to recover and protect the northern territory.
After King Sejo, the target of the private sector was expanded to include the people of the lower three provinces, and the reclamation of the idle land was promoted as the main goal.
The policy of favoring the common people continued until the reign of King Seongjong.
As a result of the migration of tens of thousands of people, the population of Pyeongan and Hamgyeong provinces increased significantly and the region developed.

---From "Expansion of Territory"

Although clan villages existed in Goryeo society, they increased significantly in the late Joseon Dynasty.
Most of the folk villages we are familiar with today were created in their current form during the late Joseon Dynasty.
For example, Hahoe Village in Andong, famous enough to be visited by Queen Elizabeth II of England when she visited Korea, has been around for a long time, but it was not until the 18th century that it became a village of the Pungsan Ryu clan, as it is today, after several clans lived together.
… However, these efforts by the Yangban aristocracy could not stop the social changes of the late Joseon Dynasty.
In the process of rapid social change, the personalities of members of society have become more complex.
Many of the nobles fell into ruin in terms of social status and economic power, becoming no different from commoners.

---From "Changes in Rural Society"

The railroad served as a spearhead of modernization and a springboard for economic and military aggression by imperialist powers.
Because of this, each imperialist country put in effort to obtain the right to build railroads in Korea.
The construction rights for the Gyeongbu Line and Gyeongwon Line were acquired by Japan, the Gyeongin Line by the United States, and the Gyeongui Line by France. However, later, the construction rights for both the Gyeongin Line and Gyeongui Line were also transferred to Japan.
Japan opened its first railway between Seoul and Incheon in 1899, followed by the Gyeongbu Line in 1905 and the Gyeongui Line in 1906, connecting the Korean Peninsula with a railway line running from Busan to Sinuiju.
This railroad served as a springboard for the Japanese army to invade the continent, and was a major means of transporting materials from the Korean Peninsula, including rice from Honam, which Japan needed, to Busan.
In 1914, after Joseon was completely colonized, the Honam Line and Gyeongwon Line were opened, completing the railroad network connecting the Korean Peninsula in an X shape.
---From "The Great Powers' Rivalry and Joseon's Response"

As the dictatorship surrendered to the people, demands for democracy from all walks of life, which had been suppressed for so long, poured out like a flood.
In particular, workers who were suffering from inhumane treatment without even being guaranteed the right to survive went on strike at major industrial complexes across the country, including Ulsan, and established over 1,000 democratic labor unions.
The great labor struggle that unfolded between July and September served as an opportunity for the labor movement, which had been centered around the light industry sector in the metropolitan area, to expand nationwide and to large-scale factories, emerging as an important social movement.

---From the “June Democracy Movement”