
Asian History Through Historical Materials
Description
Book Introduction
There is a saying, “If the body is worth a thousand nyang, the eyes are worth nine hundred nyang.”
This is a saying that clearly shows the importance of eyes in our body.
There is no doubt that historical materials are the most important in history, to the point that if you change 'body' to 'history', 'eyes' become 'materials'.
History cannot be established without historical materials, and understanding history is impossible without understanding historical materials. It is no exaggeration to say that the ability to understand historical materials is the basis of the ability to understand history.
History education is now more at the center of social debate than ever before.
Whether the reasons are political or ideological, if the key to the solution must ultimately be found in history itself, I hope this book can contribute to that process.
I also hope that by encouraging students who have difficulty accessing historical materials to read and reflect on this book, their historical awareness will be enhanced, and that this will contribute to the revitalization of not only secondary school history education but also university history education.
I also hope that this book will contribute, even if only a little, to understanding the diverse and vast history of Asia in a way that is truly Asian, beyond the Western-centric perception of history or the Chinese-centric 'Oriental history'.
This is a saying that clearly shows the importance of eyes in our body.
There is no doubt that historical materials are the most important in history, to the point that if you change 'body' to 'history', 'eyes' become 'materials'.
History cannot be established without historical materials, and understanding history is impossible without understanding historical materials. It is no exaggeration to say that the ability to understand historical materials is the basis of the ability to understand history.
History education is now more at the center of social debate than ever before.
Whether the reasons are political or ideological, if the key to the solution must ultimately be found in history itself, I hope this book can contribute to that process.
I also hope that by encouraging students who have difficulty accessing historical materials to read and reflect on this book, their historical awareness will be enhanced, and that this will contribute to the revitalization of not only secondary school history education but also university history education.
I also hope that this book will contribute, even if only a little, to understanding the diverse and vast history of Asia in a way that is truly Asian, beyond the Western-centric perception of history or the Chinese-centric 'Oriental history'.
index
1.
Ancient Chinese History_Kim Byeong-jun
The first dynasty / The feudal system of the Western Zhou Dynasty / The Marquis of Yi / The oath of the Spring and Autumn Period / The wars of the Spring and Autumn Period / The anecdote of Ximen Biao / The Shang Yang Reform / The Hundred Schools of Thought / The necessity of a war of unification / The implementation of the prefecture system / The title of the emperor / The burning of books and the burying of Confucian scholars / The carving of stones by the First Qin Emperor / The theory of excessive Qin / Xiang Yu and Liu Bang / The policy of governing the Gyeonggi Province during the Han Dynasty / The two-year statutes and regulations / The system of the Records of the Grand Historian / The nationalization of Confucianism / The evaluation of Emperor Wu of Han / The discussion on Yan and iron / The friendly relations between Han and the Xiongnu in the early Han Dynasty / The maintenance of independent customs by the Xiongnu / The adjustment of the foreign expansion policy / The change in the national principles of the Han Dynasty / The population of the Han Dynasty / The politics of Wang Mang / The Rebellion of the Red Wei / The land survey of Emperor Guangwu of the Later Han Dynasty / The disaster of Tang Gao / The Han Dynasty The rise of the aristocracy / Imperial finances and national finances
2.
Chinese Medieval History_He Yuan Shu
The Barbarians who entered the Central Plains / The unrest of the people at the end of the Later Han Dynasty and the establishment of the Taoist sect / The division of the warlords at the end of the Later Han Dynasty and Liu Bei / The division into the Three Kingdoms and the activities of Cao Cao / The institutionalization of the Western Jin Dynasty / Self-reliant groups in the midst of war / The importance of wealth / The nine-rank system and the solidification of the aristocratic society / The rise of the Barbarians and the fall of the Western Jin Dynasty / The frustration of the southern advance of the Former Qin Dynasty and the solidification of the north-south confrontation / The characteristics of the Barbarians in the Northern Wei Dynasty / The equalization system of the Northern Wei / The Hanification policy of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty / The Barbarians' customs strengthened again at the end of the Northern Dynasties / The scholars and Distinction between the common people / The prestige of the scholars / Regional differences in customs during the Northern and Southern Dynasties / Translation of Buddhist scriptures into Chinese and the development of Buddhism / Development of practical technology in the Northern Dynasties / Division of China and the growth of Goguryeo / Exchanges with the Western Regions / A new unified empire with a barbarian character / Construction of the Grand Canal / The rise and fall of the Sui Dynasty / The relationship between the Tang Dynasty and the Turks / The reality during the reign of Emperor Taizong of Tang / The stability of the Tang Dynasty and the reorganization of history / The legal system of the unified empire / The equalization of fields system of the Tang Dynasty / The emergence and development of the civil service examination system / The Wuzhou Revolution and its politics / The rise and fall of the Tang Dynasty / The Anshi Rebellion and the crisis of the Tang Dynasty / The emergence of vassal states and the weakening of central power / Implementation of the Two Tax Laws / The growth of the landlord class / Social aspects of the late Tang Dynasty / Huang Shao's Uprisings / Weakening of the power of the aristocracy / The lives of small and medium-sized landlords / The forms of the capitals of the Sui and Tang Dynasties / The rise of Taoism and Buddhism / The lives of Tang women / The new atmosphere of late Tang ideology / The Silla people within the Tang Dynasty / Cultural exchanges between the East and the West / Chinese cultural characteristics
3.
Modern Chinese History 1 (Song and Yuan Dynasties)_Lee Geun-myeong
The evils of the Five Dynasties military government / Song's unification of China / Reduction of military authority / Strengthening of imperial power and centralization / Reform of the civil service examination system / The founding of the Khitan dynasty and its control of the Sixteen Provinces of Yanyun / The fall of Balhae and the establishment of the Dongdan state / The Khitan's dual ruling system / The alliance of Former Yan (?淵) / The strengthening of the Tangut people / The founding of the Western Xia dynasty / The Western Xia's invasion of the Northern Song dynasty / The signing of an alliance with the Western Xia dynasty / The background of the implementation of the treason law / Wang Anshi's idea of Li Zai / The implementation of the new law / Sima Guang's criticism of the new law / The sense of responsibility of the scholar-officials (view of the world) / College entrance exam advancement through academics (civil service examination) / The political leadership of the scholar-officials / The fluidity of the scholar-officials' class structure / The internal division of the Old Law Party / The return of the New Law Party to power and the suppression of the Old Law Party / Emperor Cheoljong's personal rule and the suppression of the Old Law Party / The relaxation of political discipline in the late Northern Song dynasty / The Jurchen state before the founding of the Jin dynasty / Wanyan Aguda's attack on Liao / The Jin Founding of the nation / Emperor Meng Yanmu / Fall of the Northern Song Dynasty / Yue Fei and Qin Hui / Compilation of the 『Geun Shi Lu』 / System of Neo-Confucianism / Agriculture / Commerce and Currency / Population Growth / Development of Cities, etc. / Unification of the Mongolian Steppe / Ascension of Genghis Khan / Establishment of the Mongol Empire / Reorganization of the Tianhu System / The Genghis Khan Period / Ascension of Ogedei Khan and Foreign Expeditions / Conquest of the Southern Song Dynasty and Expedition to Japan during the Kublai Khan Period / Conflict between Kublai Khan and Ariq Böke / Kaidu's Rebellion / Activities of Yelü Chucai / Construction of Dadu (Great Capital) and Establishment of the Ruling System / Use of Paper Money / Institutions such as the Post Office System and Shibo Shi / Emergence of Common People's Culture / Development of Printing / Development of Science
4.
Modern Chinese History 2 (Ming and Qing Dynasties)_Won Jeong-sik
The emergence of Zhu Yuanzhang and the situation at the end of the Yuan Dynasty / Zhu Yuanzhang's Northern Expedition Proclamation (1367) / Forming the Li Jia and creating the Corruption and Imperial Policy / Creating a Land Register / Promulgating the Eighth Great Code / Abolishing the Zhongshu Province and the Chancellor System as a law / Coup d'état by Prince Zhu Xi (1399-1402) / Zheng He's Voyage (1405-1433) / Vulnerability of the northern border defenses in the early Ming Dynasty / Construction of the Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty / Rebellion of Deng Wuqi (1448-1449) / Japanese pirates and the Chinese in the mid-Ming Dynasty / Zhang Juzheng submits six policy directions (1568) / Factional strife during the Wanli period / Evaluation of factions in the late Ming Dynasty / Causes of the late Ming rebellion: Famine in Shaanxi / Nurhachi starts a war with the Ming Dynasty by presenting seven great grudges (1616) / Qing army's conquest of Jiangnan Course: The Tragedy of Yangzhou / Trends in local society and the private sector in the early Qing Dynasty / Emperor Kangxi asks civil service examination takers how to resolve current issues / Implementing the Baojia system nationwide (1708) / Ethnic minorities must be directly managed (1724) / The Battle of Sarhu is the beginning of the empire and the source of the Manchurian spirit (1775) / The beginning of the rule of the Yin: Silver and copper coins / Usury merchants and peasants / Rural exodus in the mid-Ming Dynasty / Forests in the northern border region being cut down / The disappearance of elephants in South China / Transport of goods to the capital and the Grand Canal in the late Ming Dynasty / Merchants and private sectors in Huizhou / From Chinese factories to the world's factories: Rural handicrafts in the Jiangnan region in the late Ming Dynasty / The uprising of textile workers [Zhilong Rebellion (1601)] / Slaves' struggle for social liberation [奴變] / Sweet potatoes, saving the common people / Tobacco, the emergence of a new luxury food / The book market in Nanjing in the late 17th century / Passing the civil service examination is the only way to social advancement / Nationwide rice distribution network and famine (1710) / Secure the coal of Beijing (1762) / The luxury trend of the 18th century and the salt merchants of Yangzhou / Guangdong pirates form an alliance and dominate the seas / Development of mountainous areas and its impact due to tea exports in the early 19th century / Procedures for Western ships entering and leaving Guangdong / The mind is reason (Wang Su-in, 1472-1529) / A defense for free trade (Im Hui-won, 1481-1565) / The economics of luxury (Yuk Ju-eop, 1515-1552) / A nation cannot be established without a strong clan (Go Yan-mu, 1613-1682) / Criticism of the monarchy's dictatorship (Hwang Jong-hee, 1610-1695) / Please destroy the heretical Catholicism (Yang Guang-seon, 1597-1669) / I permit the spread of Catholicism (Kangxi Emperor, 1692) / Compilation of 『Myeongsa』 and historical awareness (Mansadong, 1638-1702) / Principles of historical research (Yeom Yak-geo, 1636-1704) / Social criticism of a historical research scholar (Daejin, 1724-1777) / Criticism of Songhak (Danokjae, 1735-1815) / Criticism of Hanhak (Cho Sun, 1763-1820) / Principles of historiography (Wang Myeong-seong, 1720-1797) / Population growth is a tragedy (Hong Ryang-gil, 1746-1809) / Advocacy for gender equality (Yu Jeong-seop, 1775-1840) /
5.
Modern and Contemporary Chinese History_Kim Hyeong-jong
Discussion on establishing a planet in the Western Regions [Gong Zizhen (?自珍)] / The more severe the crackdown on opium, the more serious the abuses become, so I implore you to quickly change and deal with it [Heo Nae-je (許乃濟), 1836) / We must strictly prevent (the) silver from leaking out and strengthen the foundation of the country (嚴塞漏以培國本疏) [Huang Zizhi (黃爵滋), 1838] / Since there is no major obstacle to the circulation of vouchers, we should strictly prohibit opium smoking to block the root of the abuses [Lin Zexu (林則徐), 1838] / Manuscript of the proclamation to be sent to the British Queen (Queen Victoria) [Lin Zexu (林則徐), 1839] / Treaty of Nanjing (1842.
8. 29.) / Preface to 『Haegukdoji』 [Wei Yuan] / (Chinese-English) Treaty of Tianjin (1858.
6. 26.) / Land system of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom / Proclamation for suppressing the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom rebels [Zeng Guofan] / Petition for the establishment of ironworks and machinery [Li Hongzhang, 1865] / International public law [William Martin] / Discussion on the adoption of Western learning [Feng Guifen] / I report again on the situation of maritime defense, fortification defense, and suppression of military supplies in the extraterritorial areas [Zuo Zongtang, 1875] / 『Strategies of Joseon』 [Huang Junxian, 1880] / Regulations on land and sea trade of Chinese and Korean merchants (1882) / 『Council』 Vol. [Zheng Guan-ying] / Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895) / Hong Kong Revitalizing China Association's Long March [Sun Yat-sen, 1895.
2. 21.] / Reformed Law [Liang Qichao (梁啓超), 1896] / The Sixth Commendation to the Emperor [Kang Youwei (康有爲), 1898] / 『Quanxuepian』 [Zhang Zhidong (張之洞), 1898] / Treaty of Xinchu (1901.
9. 7.) / Guangxi Xinzheng Shangyu (1901.
1. 29.) / Political scientist Bluntschli's doctrine [Liang Qichao (梁啓超), 1903] / 『China New News』 seo (敍) [Yang Du (楊度), 1907.
1. 20.] / National People [Wang Jingwei (汪精衛), 1905] / Chinese Tongmenghui Revolutionary Strategy (1906) / Outline of the Constitution of the Republic of China (1908) / Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China (1912.
3. 10.) / Japan's 21 Demands against China (1915.
1. 18.) / Warning Youth [Chen Duxiu (陳獨秀), 1915] / What Happened to Nora After She Ran Away? [Lu Xun (魯迅), 1923.
12.
26.] / Beijing Student Declaration [1919.
5. 4.] / Impressions of the Korean Independence Movement; Fu Si-nian, New Lessons from the Korean Independence Movement [Chen Du-xiu] / Re-examining the Problems and Precautions [Li Da-zhao, 1919.
8. 17.] / Platform of the First National Congress of the Communist Party of China (1921.
7. 23.
(Translation of the Russian edition) / Declaration of the Second National Congress of the Communist Party of China (1922.
7.) / Declaration of the First National Congress of the Chinese Kuomintang [Sun Yat-sen, 1924.
1. 23.] / Inquiry sent by the Nanjing Nationalist Government's Foreign Affairs Department to the British Ambassador to China regarding the abolition of consular jurisdiction (1929.
4. 27.) / The Republic of China's training period law (1931.
6. 1.
(Fear) / How can a red regime in China exist? [Mao Zedong, 1928.
10.
5.] / Evaluation of the so-called China-centered cultural construction declaration [Hu Shi (胡適), 1935.
3. 31.] / A message to the people of the nation from the National Salvation Association of Tsinghua University (1935.
12.
9.) / Declaration of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China for the Promulgation of Joint Work between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party [Zhou Enlai, 1937.
7. 15.] / Solidarity struggle of China, Korea, Japan, and Taiwan against Japanese fascism / Twin Ten Agreement (1945.
10.
10.) / The Chinese people have risen up! [Mao Zedong, 1949.
9. 21.] / Joint Program of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (1949.
9. 29.) / Land Reform Law of the People's Republic of China (1950.
6.) / Bombard the headquarters - My poster [Mao Zedong, 1966.
8. 5.] / Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (1966.
8. 8.) / Let us uphold the four basic principles [Deng Xiaoping, 1979.
3. 30.] / Resolution on several historical issues of the Party since the founding of the People's Republic of China (1981) / Tiananmen Square democratization demonstrations and hunger strike / Strengthening the Southern Tour [Deng Xiaoping, 1992.
1. 18.~2.
21.]
6.
Pre-modern Japanese Ambassador_Park Su-cheol
Japan under the "Division of Small States" / Yamatai Province / Yamato regime and the Five Kings of Wa / Prince Shotoku's Seventeen Articles of the Constitution / Edict of Reform / Construction of the Great Buddha and Todaiji Temple / Reform of the Hanjeon system - Sanse Ichishinho and Kanden Einen Shizaiho / Transfer of the capital to Heian / Regency / Prosperity of the Fujiwara / Extortion by the State Council / Gijin (tribute to the Showon) / Beginning of the Expeditionary War / Monk Soldiers / The Johei and Dengyo Rebellions / The Heishi regime / Establishment of the Shugo and Jito / The Jokyu Rebellion / Shikken (power to rule) Politics - The purpose of the establishment of the Koseibai Shikimoku (御成敗式目) / Kamakura Ordinance / The invasion of Japan by the Mongols and Goryeo / The social situation of the late Kamakura period - villains / Kamakura Buddhism and ideology / The Kenmu regime / The anti-imperial edict / Ashikaga Yoshimitsu's national letter / Do-ikki and Ikko-ikki / The idea of rebellion against the rule of the land / The emergence of the three-pronged system / The Onin War / Ashigaru (足輕) / Warring States Law / The introduction of firearms / The arson of Enryaku-ji Temple / The Tenshukaku (秀閣) of Azuchi Castle / The Taiko Inspection Site / Weapons confiscation order (Katanagari order) / Samurai house laws / Emperor and court control - Kinchu Byokuga house laws / Peasant control / National isolation order / Prohibition of killing (Shorui awaremi order) / History reading theory / Kyoho reform - Tashidaka system / Kyoho reform - Meyasubako / Tanuma politics
7.
Modern and Contemporary Japanese History_Park Hoon
Kansei (寬政) Prohibition of heterodox studies / Tenpo reforms and urban problems / Oshio Heihachiro's proclamation / The Russian threat theory of the early 19th century / Yoshida Shoin's overseas expansion theory / Concept of a new modern nation / The shogunate returns power to the emperor / Establishment of the imperial government / The Meiji government's foreign reconciliation policy / The Meiji government's national policy / Demand for the establishment of the Diet / Okubo Toshimichi's suggestion regarding the promotion of industry / Let's abandon Asia and become like Europe! / Comparison of the Emperor-related provisions in the Constitution of the Empire of Japan and the current Constitution of Japan / Imperial Rescript on Education from the Emperor to His Subjects / National Defense Concepts Based on Sovereignty and Interest / Yukichi Fukuzawa's View of the Sino-Japanese War / Establishment of the Constitutional Seiyūkai / Voices Opposing Overseas Expansion / Rise of Taisho Democracy / Public Peace Preservation Law / Eastern Conference and Japan's China Policy / Proclamation of the 'Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere' / Emperor Hirohito's End-of-War Declaration / The Emperor's Declaration of Humanity
8.
Southeast Asian History_Yoo In-seon
Linyi (林邑) / Funan (扶南) / The founding myth of Vietnam: The Story of Hong Pang / Yi Jing's visit to Sumatra in the 7th century / Annam Protectorate / Angkor Thom (capital city of the Angkor Dynasty) / Ramkhamhaeng the Great's inscription (1292) / Pingwu Dagu (平吳大誥, 1427) - Emphasizes that Vietnam is a country equal to China / Establishment of Singapore (1819) (Raffles' Letter to Colonel Addenbrooke.
June 10, 1819) / British colonization of the Malay Peninsula [Pangkor Engagement, January 20, 1874] / British colonial administration of the Malay Peninsula (Sir Frank Swettenham's "Malay Governance" speech, March 1896) / Treaty of Yandaboo, 1826 (part of southern Myanmar was ceded to Britain) / Declaration on educational reform by King Chulalongkorn of Thailand (1868–1910) / First Treaty of Hue (August 25, 1883) (French colonial occupation of Vietnam) / Royal Edict of the King (1885, appeal by the Vietnamese emperor to resist the French army) / Letter of Cartini (1899) (embryo of Indonesian nationalism) / Phan Boi Pan Phuoc's 『History of the Fall of Vietnam』 / 1932 Thai coup statement (Thailand became a constitutional monarchy from this point on) / Magellan-related inscription / Japanese military "Instructions of the Military Governor-General" in Singapore (1942) (Japan's blueprint for Southeast Asia) / Ho Chi Minh's 1945 Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam / The Birth of Pancasila (Sukarno's speech in June 1945: The philosophical basis for the construction of the Indonesian nation) / 1947 Pang Long Agreement (Unification of Myanmar's various ethnic groups) / Separation of Singapore from Malaysia (1965) / From the writings of King Sihanouk of Cambodia (Hospitality toward Vietnam) / 1973 Paris Peace Accord (Vietnam Peace Agreement) / ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration, Bangkok, (August 8, 1967) / Resolution on the name, flag, national emblem, capital, and national anthem (July 2, 1976, Hanoi) / Adoption of Vietnam's Doi Moi policy (6th National Congress, December 15-18, 1986) / What does Aung San Suu Kyi think of the Rohingya Muslims? / Statement by the President of the UN Security Council welcoming the independence of East Timor (May 20, 2002)
9.
Indian History_Lee Ji-eun
Ancient Indians' view of time and history / Pastoralism in Aryan society / Buddhist teachings on ethical practice / The sixteen great kingdoms (Mahānapada) around the 6th century BC / Republican traditions in ancient India / Financial administration in the Mauryan Empire / The principle of ruling the ancient empire by Dharma / Ancient mercantile guilds and investment / Ancient caste society / Land grants in the Gupta era / Military and tax administration in the late Gupta era / Territory and power in the late Gupta era / Mahmud Ghazni's invasion of India / The territory of the Chola Kingdom in South India in the 11th century / The expansion of Islam into India and the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate / Rajya (reigned 1236-1240), a female sultan of the 13th century / The Battle of Panipat (1526) / Bureaucracy in the Mughal era - the Mansab system / Land classification and land tax, and other taxes / Emperor Akbar's tolerant religious policy - the establishment of Ibadat Khana / Teachings of Sikhism / Aurangzeb's order to re-collect Jizya / The majesty of Vijayanagara / The beginning of formal commercial relations between Britain and India / Trade relations of the Mughal Empire in the 17th century / The East India Company's acquisition of Bengal tax rights in 1765 / Causes of the Mutiny of 1857 / Political changes after the Mutiny of 1857 / Wealth drain and poverty in India / The establishment of the Indian National Congress / Partition of Bengal / Swaraj in India / The powers of local governments and the creation of local legislatures / Salt Satyagraha and civil disobedience / Local self-government and local election provisions under the Government of India Act, 1935 / Abolition of caste / Declaration of Pakistan / 'Hands off India!' - Quit India Movement / Proclamation of the Provisional Government of Free India (Azad Hind) / Partition and independence of India and Pakistan / The path forward for independent India / The Third Indo-Pakistani War and the birth of Bangladesh / New Economic Policy (1991)
10.
West Asian History_Lee Eun-jeong
The Opening Chapter of the Quran (Surah al-Fatihah) / Hadith (had.th) (Al-Bukhari) / Hadith (Muslim) / The Death of the Third Caliph Uthman (Al-Tabari) / The Virtues of the Turks (Al-Jahiz) / Muslims' Thoughts on the Reasons for the Crusades (Ibn al-Ashir) / The Tragedy of the Mongol Invasion (Ibn al-Ashir) / The Dream of Osman Ghazi, the Founding Monarch of the Ottoman Empire (Asik-Pashak-Zadeh) / The Conquest of Constantinople (Tursun Bey) / The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (1774) / Napoleon's Invasion of Egypt (Al-Jabbarti) / The Treaty of Balta Limane (Anglo-Ottoman Commercial Treaty) / The Edict of Gülhane (Rose Garden) / Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani's Refutation of Ernest Renan's Criticism of Islam / The Young Turk Exiles' Japan and the Ottoman Empire Comparison: 'Turkey and Japan' / Balfour Declaration / Memoirs of the War of Independence (Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Nutuk) / Gamal Abdul Nasser's speech at Port Said on Victory Day, December 23, 1961 / Islamic government (Ayatollah Khomeini) / Jihad against America (Osama bin Laden)
11.
Inland Asian History_Jeong Jae-hoon
Herodotus's account of Scythia / The customs and political system of the Huns / Zhang Qian's western travels and transportation routes during the Han Dynasty / The differences in Sima Qian's and Ban Gu's perceptions of the Huns / The unfinished nomadic empire.
The origin and customs of the word "Yu-Ryeon" / Various founding myths borrowed by the Turks to unify the nomadic world / Negotiations between the Turks and Rome (Sassanid Persia, Hephthalites, and Western Turks) / Sogdiana and Sogdian merchants / Xuanzang's travel route: The road to Sogdiana and the summer camps of the Western Turks / The past memories and legacy of the Turks / The political system of the early Uyghurs / The acceptance of settled elements by the Uyghurs and the horse trade / The acceptance of Manichaeism by the Uyghurs / The political system and customs of the Tibetans, and their marriage relationship with the Tang Dynasty / Wang Yande's travelogue of the 10th-century Gaochang Uyghur Kingdom / The seasonal migrations of the Liao Dynasty (Khitan) emperors / Records of Mongolia before the emergence of Genghis Khan / The establishment of Jamchi (post stations) by Ögedei Khan / The world history created by the Mongol Empire: The motivation for writing the "Jip-Sa" / Shah Rukh of the Timurid dynasty and the Yongle Emperor of the Ming dynasty Diplomatic negotiations / Part of the history of the conversion to Islam of Tughluk Timur, the first monarch of the Moghul Khanate / The spread of Tibetan Buddhism to Mongolia during the Oirad period in the first half of the 17th century / Later Mongols' recollection of past history: Okagato Khan praised his city thus / The Qing Dynasty's occupation and rule of East Turkestan (Xinjiang) in the 18th century / The Huimin Rebellion in Xinjiang in 1864, the Yagub Beg regime, and the establishment of Xinjiang Province / Russia's purpose for advancing into Central Asia in the mid-19th century / Mongolia's declaration of independence in 1911 / The Constitution of the Mongolian People's Republic (November 26, 1924)
Ancient Chinese History_Kim Byeong-jun
The first dynasty / The feudal system of the Western Zhou Dynasty / The Marquis of Yi / The oath of the Spring and Autumn Period / The wars of the Spring and Autumn Period / The anecdote of Ximen Biao / The Shang Yang Reform / The Hundred Schools of Thought / The necessity of a war of unification / The implementation of the prefecture system / The title of the emperor / The burning of books and the burying of Confucian scholars / The carving of stones by the First Qin Emperor / The theory of excessive Qin / Xiang Yu and Liu Bang / The policy of governing the Gyeonggi Province during the Han Dynasty / The two-year statutes and regulations / The system of the Records of the Grand Historian / The nationalization of Confucianism / The evaluation of Emperor Wu of Han / The discussion on Yan and iron / The friendly relations between Han and the Xiongnu in the early Han Dynasty / The maintenance of independent customs by the Xiongnu / The adjustment of the foreign expansion policy / The change in the national principles of the Han Dynasty / The population of the Han Dynasty / The politics of Wang Mang / The Rebellion of the Red Wei / The land survey of Emperor Guangwu of the Later Han Dynasty / The disaster of Tang Gao / The Han Dynasty The rise of the aristocracy / Imperial finances and national finances
2.
Chinese Medieval History_He Yuan Shu
The Barbarians who entered the Central Plains / The unrest of the people at the end of the Later Han Dynasty and the establishment of the Taoist sect / The division of the warlords at the end of the Later Han Dynasty and Liu Bei / The division into the Three Kingdoms and the activities of Cao Cao / The institutionalization of the Western Jin Dynasty / Self-reliant groups in the midst of war / The importance of wealth / The nine-rank system and the solidification of the aristocratic society / The rise of the Barbarians and the fall of the Western Jin Dynasty / The frustration of the southern advance of the Former Qin Dynasty and the solidification of the north-south confrontation / The characteristics of the Barbarians in the Northern Wei Dynasty / The equalization system of the Northern Wei / The Hanification policy of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty / The Barbarians' customs strengthened again at the end of the Northern Dynasties / The scholars and Distinction between the common people / The prestige of the scholars / Regional differences in customs during the Northern and Southern Dynasties / Translation of Buddhist scriptures into Chinese and the development of Buddhism / Development of practical technology in the Northern Dynasties / Division of China and the growth of Goguryeo / Exchanges with the Western Regions / A new unified empire with a barbarian character / Construction of the Grand Canal / The rise and fall of the Sui Dynasty / The relationship between the Tang Dynasty and the Turks / The reality during the reign of Emperor Taizong of Tang / The stability of the Tang Dynasty and the reorganization of history / The legal system of the unified empire / The equalization of fields system of the Tang Dynasty / The emergence and development of the civil service examination system / The Wuzhou Revolution and its politics / The rise and fall of the Tang Dynasty / The Anshi Rebellion and the crisis of the Tang Dynasty / The emergence of vassal states and the weakening of central power / Implementation of the Two Tax Laws / The growth of the landlord class / Social aspects of the late Tang Dynasty / Huang Shao's Uprisings / Weakening of the power of the aristocracy / The lives of small and medium-sized landlords / The forms of the capitals of the Sui and Tang Dynasties / The rise of Taoism and Buddhism / The lives of Tang women / The new atmosphere of late Tang ideology / The Silla people within the Tang Dynasty / Cultural exchanges between the East and the West / Chinese cultural characteristics
3.
Modern Chinese History 1 (Song and Yuan Dynasties)_Lee Geun-myeong
The evils of the Five Dynasties military government / Song's unification of China / Reduction of military authority / Strengthening of imperial power and centralization / Reform of the civil service examination system / The founding of the Khitan dynasty and its control of the Sixteen Provinces of Yanyun / The fall of Balhae and the establishment of the Dongdan state / The Khitan's dual ruling system / The alliance of Former Yan (?淵) / The strengthening of the Tangut people / The founding of the Western Xia dynasty / The Western Xia's invasion of the Northern Song dynasty / The signing of an alliance with the Western Xia dynasty / The background of the implementation of the treason law / Wang Anshi's idea of Li Zai / The implementation of the new law / Sima Guang's criticism of the new law / The sense of responsibility of the scholar-officials (view of the world) / College entrance exam advancement through academics (civil service examination) / The political leadership of the scholar-officials / The fluidity of the scholar-officials' class structure / The internal division of the Old Law Party / The return of the New Law Party to power and the suppression of the Old Law Party / Emperor Cheoljong's personal rule and the suppression of the Old Law Party / The relaxation of political discipline in the late Northern Song dynasty / The Jurchen state before the founding of the Jin dynasty / Wanyan Aguda's attack on Liao / The Jin Founding of the nation / Emperor Meng Yanmu / Fall of the Northern Song Dynasty / Yue Fei and Qin Hui / Compilation of the 『Geun Shi Lu』 / System of Neo-Confucianism / Agriculture / Commerce and Currency / Population Growth / Development of Cities, etc. / Unification of the Mongolian Steppe / Ascension of Genghis Khan / Establishment of the Mongol Empire / Reorganization of the Tianhu System / The Genghis Khan Period / Ascension of Ogedei Khan and Foreign Expeditions / Conquest of the Southern Song Dynasty and Expedition to Japan during the Kublai Khan Period / Conflict between Kublai Khan and Ariq Böke / Kaidu's Rebellion / Activities of Yelü Chucai / Construction of Dadu (Great Capital) and Establishment of the Ruling System / Use of Paper Money / Institutions such as the Post Office System and Shibo Shi / Emergence of Common People's Culture / Development of Printing / Development of Science
4.
Modern Chinese History 2 (Ming and Qing Dynasties)_Won Jeong-sik
The emergence of Zhu Yuanzhang and the situation at the end of the Yuan Dynasty / Zhu Yuanzhang's Northern Expedition Proclamation (1367) / Forming the Li Jia and creating the Corruption and Imperial Policy / Creating a Land Register / Promulgating the Eighth Great Code / Abolishing the Zhongshu Province and the Chancellor System as a law / Coup d'état by Prince Zhu Xi (1399-1402) / Zheng He's Voyage (1405-1433) / Vulnerability of the northern border defenses in the early Ming Dynasty / Construction of the Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty / Rebellion of Deng Wuqi (1448-1449) / Japanese pirates and the Chinese in the mid-Ming Dynasty / Zhang Juzheng submits six policy directions (1568) / Factional strife during the Wanli period / Evaluation of factions in the late Ming Dynasty / Causes of the late Ming rebellion: Famine in Shaanxi / Nurhachi starts a war with the Ming Dynasty by presenting seven great grudges (1616) / Qing army's conquest of Jiangnan Course: The Tragedy of Yangzhou / Trends in local society and the private sector in the early Qing Dynasty / Emperor Kangxi asks civil service examination takers how to resolve current issues / Implementing the Baojia system nationwide (1708) / Ethnic minorities must be directly managed (1724) / The Battle of Sarhu is the beginning of the empire and the source of the Manchurian spirit (1775) / The beginning of the rule of the Yin: Silver and copper coins / Usury merchants and peasants / Rural exodus in the mid-Ming Dynasty / Forests in the northern border region being cut down / The disappearance of elephants in South China / Transport of goods to the capital and the Grand Canal in the late Ming Dynasty / Merchants and private sectors in Huizhou / From Chinese factories to the world's factories: Rural handicrafts in the Jiangnan region in the late Ming Dynasty / The uprising of textile workers [Zhilong Rebellion (1601)] / Slaves' struggle for social liberation [奴變] / Sweet potatoes, saving the common people / Tobacco, the emergence of a new luxury food / The book market in Nanjing in the late 17th century / Passing the civil service examination is the only way to social advancement / Nationwide rice distribution network and famine (1710) / Secure the coal of Beijing (1762) / The luxury trend of the 18th century and the salt merchants of Yangzhou / Guangdong pirates form an alliance and dominate the seas / Development of mountainous areas and its impact due to tea exports in the early 19th century / Procedures for Western ships entering and leaving Guangdong / The mind is reason (Wang Su-in, 1472-1529) / A defense for free trade (Im Hui-won, 1481-1565) / The economics of luxury (Yuk Ju-eop, 1515-1552) / A nation cannot be established without a strong clan (Go Yan-mu, 1613-1682) / Criticism of the monarchy's dictatorship (Hwang Jong-hee, 1610-1695) / Please destroy the heretical Catholicism (Yang Guang-seon, 1597-1669) / I permit the spread of Catholicism (Kangxi Emperor, 1692) / Compilation of 『Myeongsa』 and historical awareness (Mansadong, 1638-1702) / Principles of historical research (Yeom Yak-geo, 1636-1704) / Social criticism of a historical research scholar (Daejin, 1724-1777) / Criticism of Songhak (Danokjae, 1735-1815) / Criticism of Hanhak (Cho Sun, 1763-1820) / Principles of historiography (Wang Myeong-seong, 1720-1797) / Population growth is a tragedy (Hong Ryang-gil, 1746-1809) / Advocacy for gender equality (Yu Jeong-seop, 1775-1840) /
5.
Modern and Contemporary Chinese History_Kim Hyeong-jong
Discussion on establishing a planet in the Western Regions [Gong Zizhen (?自珍)] / The more severe the crackdown on opium, the more serious the abuses become, so I implore you to quickly change and deal with it [Heo Nae-je (許乃濟), 1836) / We must strictly prevent (the) silver from leaking out and strengthen the foundation of the country (嚴塞漏以培國本疏) [Huang Zizhi (黃爵滋), 1838] / Since there is no major obstacle to the circulation of vouchers, we should strictly prohibit opium smoking to block the root of the abuses [Lin Zexu (林則徐), 1838] / Manuscript of the proclamation to be sent to the British Queen (Queen Victoria) [Lin Zexu (林則徐), 1839] / Treaty of Nanjing (1842.
8. 29.) / Preface to 『Haegukdoji』 [Wei Yuan] / (Chinese-English) Treaty of Tianjin (1858.
6. 26.) / Land system of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom / Proclamation for suppressing the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom rebels [Zeng Guofan] / Petition for the establishment of ironworks and machinery [Li Hongzhang, 1865] / International public law [William Martin] / Discussion on the adoption of Western learning [Feng Guifen] / I report again on the situation of maritime defense, fortification defense, and suppression of military supplies in the extraterritorial areas [Zuo Zongtang, 1875] / 『Strategies of Joseon』 [Huang Junxian, 1880] / Regulations on land and sea trade of Chinese and Korean merchants (1882) / 『Council』 Vol. [Zheng Guan-ying] / Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895) / Hong Kong Revitalizing China Association's Long March [Sun Yat-sen, 1895.
2. 21.] / Reformed Law [Liang Qichao (梁啓超), 1896] / The Sixth Commendation to the Emperor [Kang Youwei (康有爲), 1898] / 『Quanxuepian』 [Zhang Zhidong (張之洞), 1898] / Treaty of Xinchu (1901.
9. 7.) / Guangxi Xinzheng Shangyu (1901.
1. 29.) / Political scientist Bluntschli's doctrine [Liang Qichao (梁啓超), 1903] / 『China New News』 seo (敍) [Yang Du (楊度), 1907.
1. 20.] / National People [Wang Jingwei (汪精衛), 1905] / Chinese Tongmenghui Revolutionary Strategy (1906) / Outline of the Constitution of the Republic of China (1908) / Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China (1912.
3. 10.) / Japan's 21 Demands against China (1915.
1. 18.) / Warning Youth [Chen Duxiu (陳獨秀), 1915] / What Happened to Nora After She Ran Away? [Lu Xun (魯迅), 1923.
12.
26.] / Beijing Student Declaration [1919.
5. 4.] / Impressions of the Korean Independence Movement; Fu Si-nian, New Lessons from the Korean Independence Movement [Chen Du-xiu] / Re-examining the Problems and Precautions [Li Da-zhao, 1919.
8. 17.] / Platform of the First National Congress of the Communist Party of China (1921.
7. 23.
(Translation of the Russian edition) / Declaration of the Second National Congress of the Communist Party of China (1922.
7.) / Declaration of the First National Congress of the Chinese Kuomintang [Sun Yat-sen, 1924.
1. 23.] / Inquiry sent by the Nanjing Nationalist Government's Foreign Affairs Department to the British Ambassador to China regarding the abolition of consular jurisdiction (1929.
4. 27.) / The Republic of China's training period law (1931.
6. 1.
(Fear) / How can a red regime in China exist? [Mao Zedong, 1928.
10.
5.] / Evaluation of the so-called China-centered cultural construction declaration [Hu Shi (胡適), 1935.
3. 31.] / A message to the people of the nation from the National Salvation Association of Tsinghua University (1935.
12.
9.) / Declaration of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China for the Promulgation of Joint Work between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party [Zhou Enlai, 1937.
7. 15.] / Solidarity struggle of China, Korea, Japan, and Taiwan against Japanese fascism / Twin Ten Agreement (1945.
10.
10.) / The Chinese people have risen up! [Mao Zedong, 1949.
9. 21.] / Joint Program of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (1949.
9. 29.) / Land Reform Law of the People's Republic of China (1950.
6.) / Bombard the headquarters - My poster [Mao Zedong, 1966.
8. 5.] / Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (1966.
8. 8.) / Let us uphold the four basic principles [Deng Xiaoping, 1979.
3. 30.] / Resolution on several historical issues of the Party since the founding of the People's Republic of China (1981) / Tiananmen Square democratization demonstrations and hunger strike / Strengthening the Southern Tour [Deng Xiaoping, 1992.
1. 18.~2.
21.]
6.
Pre-modern Japanese Ambassador_Park Su-cheol
Japan under the "Division of Small States" / Yamatai Province / Yamato regime and the Five Kings of Wa / Prince Shotoku's Seventeen Articles of the Constitution / Edict of Reform / Construction of the Great Buddha and Todaiji Temple / Reform of the Hanjeon system - Sanse Ichishinho and Kanden Einen Shizaiho / Transfer of the capital to Heian / Regency / Prosperity of the Fujiwara / Extortion by the State Council / Gijin (tribute to the Showon) / Beginning of the Expeditionary War / Monk Soldiers / The Johei and Dengyo Rebellions / The Heishi regime / Establishment of the Shugo and Jito / The Jokyu Rebellion / Shikken (power to rule) Politics - The purpose of the establishment of the Koseibai Shikimoku (御成敗式目) / Kamakura Ordinance / The invasion of Japan by the Mongols and Goryeo / The social situation of the late Kamakura period - villains / Kamakura Buddhism and ideology / The Kenmu regime / The anti-imperial edict / Ashikaga Yoshimitsu's national letter / Do-ikki and Ikko-ikki / The idea of rebellion against the rule of the land / The emergence of the three-pronged system / The Onin War / Ashigaru (足輕) / Warring States Law / The introduction of firearms / The arson of Enryaku-ji Temple / The Tenshukaku (秀閣) of Azuchi Castle / The Taiko Inspection Site / Weapons confiscation order (Katanagari order) / Samurai house laws / Emperor and court control - Kinchu Byokuga house laws / Peasant control / National isolation order / Prohibition of killing (Shorui awaremi order) / History reading theory / Kyoho reform - Tashidaka system / Kyoho reform - Meyasubako / Tanuma politics
7.
Modern and Contemporary Japanese History_Park Hoon
Kansei (寬政) Prohibition of heterodox studies / Tenpo reforms and urban problems / Oshio Heihachiro's proclamation / The Russian threat theory of the early 19th century / Yoshida Shoin's overseas expansion theory / Concept of a new modern nation / The shogunate returns power to the emperor / Establishment of the imperial government / The Meiji government's foreign reconciliation policy / The Meiji government's national policy / Demand for the establishment of the Diet / Okubo Toshimichi's suggestion regarding the promotion of industry / Let's abandon Asia and become like Europe! / Comparison of the Emperor-related provisions in the Constitution of the Empire of Japan and the current Constitution of Japan / Imperial Rescript on Education from the Emperor to His Subjects / National Defense Concepts Based on Sovereignty and Interest / Yukichi Fukuzawa's View of the Sino-Japanese War / Establishment of the Constitutional Seiyūkai / Voices Opposing Overseas Expansion / Rise of Taisho Democracy / Public Peace Preservation Law / Eastern Conference and Japan's China Policy / Proclamation of the 'Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere' / Emperor Hirohito's End-of-War Declaration / The Emperor's Declaration of Humanity
8.
Southeast Asian History_Yoo In-seon
Linyi (林邑) / Funan (扶南) / The founding myth of Vietnam: The Story of Hong Pang / Yi Jing's visit to Sumatra in the 7th century / Annam Protectorate / Angkor Thom (capital city of the Angkor Dynasty) / Ramkhamhaeng the Great's inscription (1292) / Pingwu Dagu (平吳大誥, 1427) - Emphasizes that Vietnam is a country equal to China / Establishment of Singapore (1819) (Raffles' Letter to Colonel Addenbrooke.
June 10, 1819) / British colonization of the Malay Peninsula [Pangkor Engagement, January 20, 1874] / British colonial administration of the Malay Peninsula (Sir Frank Swettenham's "Malay Governance" speech, March 1896) / Treaty of Yandaboo, 1826 (part of southern Myanmar was ceded to Britain) / Declaration on educational reform by King Chulalongkorn of Thailand (1868–1910) / First Treaty of Hue (August 25, 1883) (French colonial occupation of Vietnam) / Royal Edict of the King (1885, appeal by the Vietnamese emperor to resist the French army) / Letter of Cartini (1899) (embryo of Indonesian nationalism) / Phan Boi Pan Phuoc's 『History of the Fall of Vietnam』 / 1932 Thai coup statement (Thailand became a constitutional monarchy from this point on) / Magellan-related inscription / Japanese military "Instructions of the Military Governor-General" in Singapore (1942) (Japan's blueprint for Southeast Asia) / Ho Chi Minh's 1945 Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam / The Birth of Pancasila (Sukarno's speech in June 1945: The philosophical basis for the construction of the Indonesian nation) / 1947 Pang Long Agreement (Unification of Myanmar's various ethnic groups) / Separation of Singapore from Malaysia (1965) / From the writings of King Sihanouk of Cambodia (Hospitality toward Vietnam) / 1973 Paris Peace Accord (Vietnam Peace Agreement) / ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration, Bangkok, (August 8, 1967) / Resolution on the name, flag, national emblem, capital, and national anthem (July 2, 1976, Hanoi) / Adoption of Vietnam's Doi Moi policy (6th National Congress, December 15-18, 1986) / What does Aung San Suu Kyi think of the Rohingya Muslims? / Statement by the President of the UN Security Council welcoming the independence of East Timor (May 20, 2002)
9.
Indian History_Lee Ji-eun
Ancient Indians' view of time and history / Pastoralism in Aryan society / Buddhist teachings on ethical practice / The sixteen great kingdoms (Mahānapada) around the 6th century BC / Republican traditions in ancient India / Financial administration in the Mauryan Empire / The principle of ruling the ancient empire by Dharma / Ancient mercantile guilds and investment / Ancient caste society / Land grants in the Gupta era / Military and tax administration in the late Gupta era / Territory and power in the late Gupta era / Mahmud Ghazni's invasion of India / The territory of the Chola Kingdom in South India in the 11th century / The expansion of Islam into India and the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate / Rajya (reigned 1236-1240), a female sultan of the 13th century / The Battle of Panipat (1526) / Bureaucracy in the Mughal era - the Mansab system / Land classification and land tax, and other taxes / Emperor Akbar's tolerant religious policy - the establishment of Ibadat Khana / Teachings of Sikhism / Aurangzeb's order to re-collect Jizya / The majesty of Vijayanagara / The beginning of formal commercial relations between Britain and India / Trade relations of the Mughal Empire in the 17th century / The East India Company's acquisition of Bengal tax rights in 1765 / Causes of the Mutiny of 1857 / Political changes after the Mutiny of 1857 / Wealth drain and poverty in India / The establishment of the Indian National Congress / Partition of Bengal / Swaraj in India / The powers of local governments and the creation of local legislatures / Salt Satyagraha and civil disobedience / Local self-government and local election provisions under the Government of India Act, 1935 / Abolition of caste / Declaration of Pakistan / 'Hands off India!' - Quit India Movement / Proclamation of the Provisional Government of Free India (Azad Hind) / Partition and independence of India and Pakistan / The path forward for independent India / The Third Indo-Pakistani War and the birth of Bangladesh / New Economic Policy (1991)
10.
West Asian History_Lee Eun-jeong
The Opening Chapter of the Quran (Surah al-Fatihah) / Hadith (had.th) (Al-Bukhari) / Hadith (Muslim) / The Death of the Third Caliph Uthman (Al-Tabari) / The Virtues of the Turks (Al-Jahiz) / Muslims' Thoughts on the Reasons for the Crusades (Ibn al-Ashir) / The Tragedy of the Mongol Invasion (Ibn al-Ashir) / The Dream of Osman Ghazi, the Founding Monarch of the Ottoman Empire (Asik-Pashak-Zadeh) / The Conquest of Constantinople (Tursun Bey) / The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (1774) / Napoleon's Invasion of Egypt (Al-Jabbarti) / The Treaty of Balta Limane (Anglo-Ottoman Commercial Treaty) / The Edict of Gülhane (Rose Garden) / Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani's Refutation of Ernest Renan's Criticism of Islam / The Young Turk Exiles' Japan and the Ottoman Empire Comparison: 'Turkey and Japan' / Balfour Declaration / Memoirs of the War of Independence (Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Nutuk) / Gamal Abdul Nasser's speech at Port Said on Victory Day, December 23, 1961 / Islamic government (Ayatollah Khomeini) / Jihad against America (Osama bin Laden)
11.
Inland Asian History_Jeong Jae-hoon
Herodotus's account of Scythia / The customs and political system of the Huns / Zhang Qian's western travels and transportation routes during the Han Dynasty / The differences in Sima Qian's and Ban Gu's perceptions of the Huns / The unfinished nomadic empire.
The origin and customs of the word "Yu-Ryeon" / Various founding myths borrowed by the Turks to unify the nomadic world / Negotiations between the Turks and Rome (Sassanid Persia, Hephthalites, and Western Turks) / Sogdiana and Sogdian merchants / Xuanzang's travel route: The road to Sogdiana and the summer camps of the Western Turks / The past memories and legacy of the Turks / The political system of the early Uyghurs / The acceptance of settled elements by the Uyghurs and the horse trade / The acceptance of Manichaeism by the Uyghurs / The political system and customs of the Tibetans, and their marriage relationship with the Tang Dynasty / Wang Yande's travelogue of the 10th-century Gaochang Uyghur Kingdom / The seasonal migrations of the Liao Dynasty (Khitan) emperors / Records of Mongolia before the emergence of Genghis Khan / The establishment of Jamchi (post stations) by Ögedei Khan / The world history created by the Mongol Empire: The motivation for writing the "Jip-Sa" / Shah Rukh of the Timurid dynasty and the Yongle Emperor of the Ming dynasty Diplomatic negotiations / Part of the history of the conversion to Islam of Tughluk Timur, the first monarch of the Moghul Khanate / The spread of Tibetan Buddhism to Mongolia during the Oirad period in the first half of the 17th century / Later Mongols' recollection of past history: Okagato Khan praised his city thus / The Qing Dynasty's occupation and rule of East Turkestan (Xinjiang) in the 18th century / The Huimin Rebellion in Xinjiang in 1864, the Yagub Beg regime, and the establishment of Xinjiang Province / Russia's purpose for advancing into Central Asia in the mid-19th century / Mongolia's declaration of independence in 1911 / The Constitution of the Mongolian People's Republic (November 26, 1924)
GOODS SPECIFICS
- Date of issue: August 31, 2024
- Page count, weight, size: 580 pages | 188*250*35mm
- ISBN13: 9791196379346
- ISBN10: 1196379343
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