Preface to the Korean edition
preface
Translator's Note

Chapter 1: The Encounter of Cultures
1 Pre-Columbian America
South American Civilization | North American Civilization
2 Europe looking west
Commerce and Nationalism | Christopher Columbus | The Spanish Empire | North American Outposts | Biological and Cultural Exchange | Africa and the Americas
Discussing the Past: The Population of Pre-Columbian America
'America in the World': Early American History Viewed Against the Atlantic Background
3 The arrival of the British
Motivations for Colonial Policy | French and Dutch in America | First English Settlements

Chapter 2 Transplants and Border Zones
1 Early Chesapeake Colony
The Construction of Jamestown | Reorganization and Expansion | Agricultural Technology Exchange | Maryland and the Calverts | Bacon's Rebellion
2 The Growth of New England
Plymouth Plantation | The Massachusetts Bay Experiment | New England Expansion | Settlers and Native Americans | King Philip's War and Warfare
3 Colonies after the Restoration
English Civil War | Carolina Colony | New Netherland, New York, and New Jersey Colonies | Quaker Colonies
4 Border and intermediate areas
Caribbean Islands | Caribbean Slaveholders and Slaves | Southwestern Border Region | Southeastern Border Region | Construction of Georgia | Middle Region
5 The Development of the Empire
New England Territory | The Glorious Revolution

Chapter 3 Society and Culture in the American Colonies
1 Colonial population
Indentured Servants | Birth and Death | Colonial Medical Knowledge | Colonial Women and the Home | The Emergence of Slavery in the British Colonies | Later European Immigration
The Origins of Slavery: Discussing the Past
2 Colonial Economy
Southern Economy | Northern Economy and Technology | The Scope and Limits of Technology | The Growth of Colonial Commerce | The Rise of Consumerism
3 Social Types
Plantation Owners and Slaves | Puritan Society | The City
4. The Great Awakening and the Enlightenment
Types of Religion | The Great Awakening | The Enlightenment | Literacy and Technology | Education | The Spread of Science | Concepts of Law and Politics

Chapter 4 Empires in Transition
1 Weakening of bonds
A Loose Empire | Lack of Colonial Unity
The struggle across two continents
New France and the Iroquois Confederacy | The Conflict Between England and France | The Great War for Empire
3 New Imperialism
The Burden of Empire | The British and the Indian Tribes | The Battle Over Trade and Taxation
4 Clues to the Rebellion
The Stamp Act Crisis | The Townshend Program | The Boston Massacre | The Philosophy of Rebellion | The Field of Rebellion | The Tea Party
5 Cooperation and War
New Sources of Power | Lexington and Concord

Chapter 5: The American Revolution
1 United Nations
Clarification of the Purpose of the War | Declaration of Independence | Mobilization for War
Discussing the Past: The American Revolution
2 War for Independence
Phase One: New England | Phase Two: The Mid-Atlantic | Securing Foreign Aid | Phase Three: The South | Achieving Peace
The Age of Revolution: 'America in the World'
3 War and Society
Loyalists and Minorities | War and Slavery | Indigenous Peoples and Revolution | Women's Rights and Roles | The War Economy
Creation of the 4th State Government
The Republican Hypothesis | The First State Constitution | Changes in State Government | Religious Tolerance and Slavery
5. Seeking a central government
Confederate Government | Diplomatic Failure | Confederate Government and the Northwest | Indians and the Western Territories | Debt, Taxes, and Daniel Shays

Chapter 6 The American Constitution and the New Republic
1 Formation of a new government
Advocates of Reform | The Division of the Constitutional Convention | Compromise | The Constitution of 1787
2 Adoption and amendment of the Constitution
Federalists and Anti-Federalists | Completing the Constitutional Structure
3 Federalists and Republicans
Hamilton and the Federalists | Enactment of the Federalist Program | Republican Opposition
4. Defense of national sovereignty
Securing the West | Maintaining Neutrality
5 The Fall of the Federalists
The 1796 Presidential Election | Quasi-War with France | Oppression and Resistance | The Revolution of 1800

Chapter 7: The Jefferson Era
1. The emergence of cultural nationalism
Nationalism in Education and Literature | Medicine and Science | The Cultural Aspirations of the New Nation | Religion and Revivalism
2 The Rise of Industrialism
Technological Advancement in the United States | Transportation System Innovation | Rural and Urban
America in the World: The Global Spread of the Industrial Revolution
3 President Jefferson
Federal Cities and the 'People's President' | Dollars and Ships | Conflicts with the Judiciary
4. Expansion of territory
Jefferson and Napoleon | Louisiana Purchase | Western Exploration | Burr's Conspiracy
5 Expansion and War
Conflicts at Sea | Forced Conscription | 'Peaceful Coercion' | 'Indian Problem' and the British | Tecumseh and the Prophet | Florida and the Heat of War
6 War of 1812
Battles with Indian tribes | Battles with the British | Rebellions in New England | Settlement of peace

Chapter 8: The Diversity of American Nationalism
1. Sustained economic growth
Federal Government and Economic Growth | Transportation
2 Western Expansion
The Great Migration | White Settlement in the Old Northwest | The Plantation System in the Old Southwest | Trade and Fur Hunting in the Far West | The Eastern Image of the West
3 The Age of Emotional Fusion
The End of the First Party System | John Quincy Adams and Florida | The Panic of 1819
4 Regionalism and Nationalism
The Missouri Compromise | The Supreme Court and the Supreme Court | The Supreme Court and Indian Tribes | Latin American Revolutions and the Monroe Doctrine
5 The Resurgence of Political Factions
'The Corrupt Deal' | The Adams Family's Second President | Jackson's Victory

Chapter 9 America in the Jacksonian Era
1 The advent of mass politics
Expanding the electorate | Legalizing political parties | A president for ordinary people
Jacksonian Democracy: Discussing the Past
2 'Our Federation'
Calhoun and the Nullification Theory | The Rise of Van Buren | The Webster-Hayne Debate | The Nullification Crisis
3. Migration of the Indians
White Attitudes toward Native American Tribes | The "Five Civilized Native American Tribes" | The Trail of Tears | The Meaning of Native American Removal
4 Jackson vs. Bank of America War
Nicholas Biddle | The Collapse of the 'Monster' | Tony Federal Supreme Court
5 The emergence of the second party system
two political parties
6 Politics after Jackson
The Panic of 1837 | Van Buren's Economic Plan | The Log Cabin Campaign | The Whig Party's Frustration | Whig Diplomacy

Chapter 10: America's Economic Revolution
1 Population Changes in the United States
Rapid population growth | Immigration and urban growth (1840–1860) | The rise of nativism
2. Transportation Revolution and Communication Revolution
The Age of Canals | Early Railways | The Triumph of the Railroad | The Telegraph | A New Form of Media
3 Commerce and Industry
The Expansion of Business (1820–1840) | The Emergence of Factories | Technological Improvements | Innovations in Corporate Organization
4 male and female workers
Recruiting Native Workers | Immigrant Workers | Factory Systems and Artisan Traditions | The Struggle for Control
5 Social Patterns
Rich and Poor | Social Mobility | Middle-Class Life | Family Change | 'In Praise of Family Life' | Leisure Activities
6 Agriculture in the North
Agriculture in the Northeast | Former Northwest | Rural Life

Chapter 11: Cotton, Slavery, and the Old South
1 Cotton Economy
The Rise of King Cotton | Southern Trade and Industry | Why the South Was Different
2 White society in the South
The Plantation Class | 'Southern Ladies' | Ordinary People
3 Slavery: A 'Special Institution'
The Varieties of Slavery | Life under Slavery | Urban Slavery | Free Blacks | Slave Resistance
The Essence of Slavery: Discussing the Past
4 Slave Culture
Slave Religion | Language and Music | Slave Families

supplement
US States | US Cities | Key Timelines of US History | Declaration of Independence | US Constitution | US Presidential Election History | Search

1.
To understand America's history 'as it really is'

Many people mention the United States, yet they are indifferent to the reality of the United States, and they lack systematic and comprehensive knowledge about the United States.
Over the years, we have been admiring the United States without a firm understanding of what kind of country it is to us, and when something goes against our sentiments or national interests in our relationship with the United States, we have been pushing forward anti-American sentiment without thoroughly investigating the cause or understanding the United States as it is.
But now we must break out of that mold and understand America in the world.
That is, we must move beyond the superficial, unfounded views of those who are angry at America and those who admire it.
Whether we like it or not, the United States will play a crucial role in the world's present and future, so we must remove the prism of anti-Americanism and pro-Americanism and understand the United States for what it truly is, thus balancing our perspective.
And this should be the new attitude toward American history.

(/ From the 'Translator's Note')

[American History as It Was] is the sixth revised edition of [The Unfinished Nation] (McGrawHill, 2006) written by American historian Alan Brinkley. It was jointly translated by six leading American history researchers, including Hwang Hye-seong (Hansung University), Jo Ji-hyeong (Ewha Womans University), Lee Yeong-hyo (Chonnam National University), Son Se-ho (Pyeongtaek University), Kim Yeon-jin (Dankook University), and Kim Deok-ho (Korea Polytechnic University).
The original text of this book is famous not only as the most basic text for those preparing for the SAT or studying American history, but also as a book that Americans consider to be the canonical version of their country's history.

[American History as It Was], newly released in 2011, is a revised edition of the book of the same title published in 2005. Not only has the text and images been thoroughly refined, but the narrative has been expanded to include the Obama administration and a colorful appendix of over 60 pages has been added.
Like the first edition in 2005, this revised edition will maintain its unwavering position as the most systematic and detailed book on American history available in Korea.


This book consists of three volumes.
Volume 1 [The Birth of America: From Colonial Times to the Civil War] covers the story of the new nation of the United States as it unified and formed nationalism.
Volume 2, [From an American Civil War to World War II], covers the reform movements in American society that began in the 1820s, the outbreak of the American Civil War, the subsequent Reconstruction and the conquest of the West, and the process of rapid industrialization and urbanization in the late 19th century, leading up to imperialism.
Volume 3, [The American Century: From World War II to the Obama Administration], describes the transformation of the United States into a global nation from the post-World War II period to the early 21st century.


America, which divides its people into eternal allies and enemies that should be rejected.
To establish our perspective on the United States, we must first establish an understanding free from misunderstanding and prejudice.
There are many books on the market that cover American history, but [A History of the United States as It Was] is the only one that systematically explains it.
Therefore, this book will be an excellent stepping stone for understanding the reality of America.


America is the most admired and emulated country in the world, but it is also the most feared and hated country in the world.
I hope this Korean edition will help us better understand both sides of America: the side that inspires fear and resentment around the world, and the side that contributes to stability and social progress.
Whether you admire America or resent it, knowledge of its past is the most important key to understanding the actions of a nation and its people who will likely play a crucial role in the world's present and future state.”
(/ From the 'Korean Edition Preface')

2.
A complex and fascinating story about various aspects
This book is a complex and fascinating account of various aspects of American history.
The author presents the perspective that two forces—diversity and integration—are transforming American history.
In other words, it emphasizes the importance of understanding the unique world that has developed within American society based on the diverse groups that formed it, and the unifying force that has enabled the United States to survive and prosper despite its diversity.

From "Encounters of Cultures (Volume 1, Chapter 1)," a story about the diverse cultures that formed on the American continent after Columbus discovered it, to "The Age of Globalization (Volume 3, Chapter 34)," which diagnoses America in the world of the early 21st century, symbolized by the 9/11 terrorist attacks and Obama, the first black president, it describes the birth of the United States from the present.
Because the author does not interpret American history as a linear development, he does not divide it into periods based on a single position.
Rather, it focuses on telling the colorful stories of various people in each period.
In other words, the purpose is to say that American history has been integrated and developed through the combined actions of various factors, and that various interests have conflicted during that integration process.

The complex and fascinating story of American history traces the rise of the nation's institutions, focusing on great events and figures, and then moving slowly and successfully from one clearly defined era to another.
As we enter the 20th century, new stories often emerge, sometimes with surprising shifts in focus and direction.
These new stories cover both public and personal events, tell of successes and failures, and highlight differences as well as integrations.
As the author states in the preface, “I have tried to find an acceptable middle ground between the demands for diversity and the demands for integration,” [American History as It Was] not only explains the essence of American history in an accessible way, but also sufficiently emphasizes diversity and conflict to tell the story of America in an interesting and colorful way, avoiding the tendency to drift into a simplistic, white-centric historical narrative.


3.
A New Interpretation of Issues in American History
Another noteworthy feature of [American History as It Was] is the special pages titled [Discussing the Past] and [America in the World].
[Discussing the Past] introduces the views of existing historians on major issues in American history and adds new interpretations to them, thereby contributing to a balanced understanding of the United States.
This book introduces the debate surrounding historians' interpretations of controversial topics in American history, such as the origins and nature of slavery, the causes of the Civil War, immigration, the causes of the Great Depression, and the Cold War, and summarizes the author's views and perspectives.
For example, Brinkley argues that the Civil War was a victory for millions of black slaves, but that the gains of Reconstruction were inadequate for black Southerners.
[America in the World] covers the early history of the United States, along with topics such as revolution, the Industrial Revolution, the abolition of slavery, national integration, imperialism, the Great Depression, and 1968.
As the title "In the World" suggests, this book helps us look at American history from a global perspective and context, beyond the American continent.
That is, by explaining the situation, response, and influence of other countries in relation to the topic, it allows us to understand history from a broader perspective.


4.
Another text, a richer and more detailed appendix
This revised edition also stands out for the addition of an appendix of approximately 60 pages.
In addition to basic images to aid understanding of American geography, such as 'US State Maps' and 'US City Maps,' the 'American History Timeline,' which divides American history into three parts: politics, society/culture, and economy, and includes major events by period, allows readers to overview history by period and section as needed.
Also, the full text of the [United States Constitution], including the [Declaration of Independence] and all amendments, helps us to deeply understand the United States from its foundation.
The translators put special effort into translating these two parts, focusing on preserving the feel of the original text while minimizing the possibility of misunderstanding or misinterpretation.
Additionally, from George Washington in 1789 to Barack Obama in 2008, 'Past US Presidential Election Data' presents the major candidates and their vote totals, allowing you to read the status of past winners and their approval ratings at a glance.