introduction

Acknowledgements

Translator's Preface


List of countries (as of April 30, 2021)

List of case laws

Table of treaties and other international and regional organizations

abbreviation

Guide for readers


Chapter 1 Refugees in International Law

Section 1 Introduction

Section 2 Refugees in the Law and Practice of the United Nations Security Council

Section 3 Refugees in Domestic and International Law

Section 4 Protection

Section 5: Limited Future or Free Future?


Part 1 Nan Min

Chapter 2: Definition and Description of Refugees

Section 1 Refugees

Section 2 Refugees as defined in the international conventions of 1922-1946

Section 3: Purposes of the United Nations and Refugees

Section 3.1 UNHCR Regulations

Section 3.2 Development of legal definitions and expansion of duties

March 3rd Internally Displaced Persons

Section 3.3.1 Problem Situation

Section 3.3.2 Responsibilities of the United Nations and UNHCR

Section 4 Refugees as defined in the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees

Section 5 Regional Approaches to Refugee Definitions

Section 6 Refugees under Domestic Law: Some Examples

Section 7: Responsibilities and International Obligations of the Organization

Section 8: The Purpose of General International Law and Refugees


Chapter 3 Determination of Refugee Status: Analysis and Application

Section 1. Competence of the UNHCR and the States Parties to the Refugee Convention and Protocol

Section 2: Determination of Refugee Status by the UNHCR

Section 3: Determination of Refugee Status by a State

Section 3.1 European Union Qualifications Directive

Verse 4: Persecution: A Question of Interpretation

4.1 Protected Interests

4.2 Methods and means of persecution

Section 4.2.1 Persecution as a crime under international law

4.3 Agents of persecution

Section 4.3.1 Perpetrators of Persecution and State Responsibility

4.4 Fear, Intention, Motive, and Basis of Persecution

Section 5: Definition of Refugees and Reasons for Persecution

Section 5.1 General

Section 5.1.1 'Goodwill' and Activities in Refuge Countries

Section 5.1.2 Nationality and Stateless Persons

Section 5.1.3 Deprivation of Citizenship, Persecution and Nationality

5.2 Reasons for Persecution

Section 5.2.1 Race

Section 5.2.2 Religion

Section 5.2.3 Nationality or Ethnicity

Section 5.2.4 Members of specific social groups

Section 5.2.4.1 Conceptual Development

5.2.4.2 The category of resolution

Section 5.2.4.3 For general victims

Section 5.2.4.4 Gender-Based Claims

Section 5.2.4.5 Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Claims

Section 5.2.4.6 A Social Perspective on 'Social Groups'

Section 5.2.5 Political Opinions

Section 6: Persecution: Issues of Application

6.1 Persecution and General Applicable Law

6.1.1 Conscientious Objectors

Section 6.1.1.1 Right to Conscientious Objection to Military Service

Section 6.1.1.2 Right to refuse to participate in a conflict that is “condemned by the international community”

Section 6.1.1.3 The nature of disputes between individuals and states

6.1.1.4 Establishing a Well-founded Fear of Persecution

Section 6.1.2 Political and non-political prisoners

6.2 Persecution and Danger Situations

Section 6.2.1 Domestic Protection/Asylum/Relocation Alternatives

Section 6.2.2 Refuge from Armed Conflict and Violence

Section 6.2.3 Individuals and Groups

6.3 Children who are applicants for asylum

Verse 7: Persecution and Lack of Protection


Chapter 4 Loss and Denial of Refugee Status and Benefits

Section 1 'Withdrawal', Suspension and Exclusion

Section 2: Suspension: Voluntary action of an individual

Section 3: Suspension: Change of Circumstances

3.1 Changes in personal circumstances

3.2 Changes in circumstances in the country of origin

3.3 Investigation into the suspension

3.4 Exceptional circumstances that sustain the status

Section 4 Protection or assistance by other countries or United Nations agencies

4.1 The so-called country of first asylum principle

Section 4.2 Refugees receiving protection and assistance from the United Nations

4.2.1 Historical Background

Section 4.2.2 UNHCR Statutes and the 1951 Refugee Convention

Section 4.2.3 Protection under the 1951 Convention

Developments since Section 4.2.4

Section 4.2.5 Future Outlook

Section 4.3 Other refugees not considered to be in need of international protection

Section 5: Exclusion from refugee status

Section 5.1 'Serious Reasons'

5.2 Crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity

Background on the Drafting of Article 5.2.1 Section 1F(a)

Scope of Article 5.2.2 Section 1F(a)

5.2.2.1 Crimes against the Peace

Section 5.2.2.2 War Crimes

5.2.2.3 Crimes against humanity

Section 5.2.3 Personal Responsibility

5.3 Serious non-political crimes

Background on the Drafting of Article 1F(b) of Section 5.3.1

Section 5.3.1.1 Relationship with extradition of criminals

Section 5.3.1.2 'Significant' and 'Non-political'

Section 5.3.2 Circumstances, Proportionality and Security

5.4 Acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations

Background for the Drafting of Article 5.4.1 Section 1F(c)

Section 5.4.2 'Purposes and Principles of the United Nations'

Section 5.4.3 Personal Responsibility

Section 5.4.4 Refugee Status, Security, and Terrorism

Section 5.4.5 Terrorism, Armed Conflict and the United Nations


Part 2 Rain Ho

Chapter 5: Principle of Non-Return - 1

Evolution of the 1st Principle

Section 2: Principle of Non-Refouling under General International Law

2.1 Agreements and Conventions

Section 2.2 Declaration and Resolution

Section 2.3 UNHCR Executive Committee Decision on International Protection

Section 2.4: Perspectives and National Implementation of Countries

Section 2.4.1 Perspectives of States

Section 2.4.2 Implementation by States: Some Aspects

Section 3: Scope of the principle of non-refoulement under the 1951 Refugee Convention

3.1 Human Scope

Section 3.2 Questions about Risk

Section 4: Exceptions to the principle of non-refoulement under the 1951 Refugee Convention

Section 5: Application of the principle of non-refoulement to specific situations

May 1st Ban on Forced Repatriation and "Illegal Entry"

5.2 Prohibition of forced repatriation and extradition of criminals

5.3 Prohibition of forced repatriation and expulsion

Section 6: Prohibition of forced return and large-scale refugee influx

6.1 Some Aspects of National Implementation

Section 7 Temporary Protection

7.1 Temporary Shelter Standards

Section 8: Prohibition of forced repatriation and the passage of time

Section 9: Non-refoulement as a principle of international customary law


Chapter 6: Principle of Non-Return - 2

1. Time, place, method, and means

Section 1.1 Extraterritorial Application

Section 1.1.1 Establishment of Responsibility

Section 1.1.2 Example: Interception on the High Seas

Section 1.2 'International Zone'

Section 1.2.1 'Borders of Territory' and Diplomatic Asylum

Section 1.3 Joint and Individual Responsibilities of States

Section 2: Prohibition of forced repatriation and refuge at sea

2.1 Stowaways

Section 2.2 Asylum seekers at sea

Section 2.2.1 Pollution

Section 2.2.2 Contiguous waters

Section 2.2.3 Inland waters and territorial waters

Section 2.3 Maritime Rescue

Section 2.3.1 International Cooperation and the Mediterranean Case


Chapter 7 Protection under International Human Rights Law and General International Law

Section 1 Introduction

Section 2: Development of the concept of protection as a supplementary form

Section 3 Scope of Protection under Human Rights Law

3.1 The absolute nature of the prohibition of forced repatriation under the Human Rights Act

3.2 torture

Section 3.2.1 Legal Sanctions

Section 3.2.2 Intention

3.3 Cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment

Section 3.4 General Risks

Section 3.5 Degree of Proof

Section 3.6 Right to Life

3.6.1 Death Penalty

Section 3.7 Right to Effective Remedies

Section 4 Other Rights

Section 5: Best interests of the child

Section 6 European Union Qualifications Directive

Section 7 Rights and Legal Status of Supplementary Protection Recipients

Section 7.1 Exclusion from supplementary protection


Chapter 8: The Concept of Asylum

Section 1 Introduction

Section 2 Asylum under international conventions, other systems and laws

Asylum under regional agreements

Section 4: Obstruction of Protection: Trends in State Implementation

Section 4.1 Access

Section 4.2 Blocking

Section 4.3 Other Arrival Blocking Policies

Section 4.3.1 Visa System

Section 4.3.2 Pre-entry permits and transport operator sanctions

Section 5: Response to International Law

5.1 Right to leave any country

Article 31 of the 1951 Convention, Section 5.2

Section 5.3 Principle of Good Faith

Section 6 Entry Barrier Policy: The Concepts of a "Safe" Country and "Effective Protection"

Section 6.1 Jurisdiction Issues: Determining Which State is Responsible for Examining a Protection Application

Section 6.2 'Safe Country' Mechanism

Section 6.3 'Effective Protection'

Section 6.4 Safe State Implementation in the European Union

Section 6.4.1 First country of asylum

Section 6.4.2 Safe Country of Origin

Section 6.4.3 Safe Third Countries

Section 6.4.4 Safe Countries in Europe

Section 6.4.5 Dublin Rules

Section 6.5 Safe Third Country Bilateral Agreement between the United States and Canada

Section 6.6 Re-entry Agreement

Section 6.7 Offshore Processing

Section 6.7.1 Legal Issues

Section 7. Standards for the treatment of asylum seekers

Section 8 Detention

August 1st Detention and Mass Refugee Influx

Section 9: Sintering