The World's Easiest Science Lesson: Brownian Motion
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Description
Book Introduction
From the history of probability to determining Avogadro's number Into Einstein's paper, which completed the botanist's discovery with physics. Einstein, the scientist who looked at the world from a new perspective It shows what other great achievements he left in the history of science, in addition to the theory of relativity. The sixth in the series, “Learning Science Through Original Papers by Nobel Prize Winners.” This book covers Einstein's original papers on statistical mechanics and Brownian motion, along with their historical background. I tried to help readers understand the two papers using only high school-level mathematics, excluding parts that are too difficult for general readers to digest. When we talk about Einstein, we usually think of the theory of relativity, but his erudition was evident in various fields of physics. This book shows what other great achievements Einstein left in the history of science, in addition to the theory of relativity. To understand Einstein's Brownian motion, we first introduce the history of two topics. The first is the theory of probability, which originated from gambling. Second, since Brownian motion is a motion that occurs in a fluid, we looked at the history of fluid mechanics. In addition to Einstein's theory, which founded statistical mechanics for the study of Brownian motion, we also covered Gibbs' theory, which independently completed statistical mechanics around the same time. After the thesis commentary, the author introduces scholars who studied Brownian motion and their achievements following Einstein, and at the end, the story of Perrin, who determined Avogadro's number using Brownian motion and won the Nobel Prize in Physics, is also included. Einstein valued this research so much that he earned his doctorate for a paper on Brownian motion. Brownian motion continues to be an important topic of research for scientists studying fluids and glassy substances. For scientists studying Brownian motion for the first time, Einstein's original paper will be of great help. |
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Recommendation
I hope you can understand the original papers of these genius scientists.
A Surprise Interview with Dr. Parisi, Who Established the Theory of Brownian Motion
First Encounter│History of Probability
The Birth of the Concept of Probability - How to Increase Your Odds of Winning in Gambling?
Binomial coefficients and Pascal's triangle - counting the number of cases
Bernoulli's Binomial Distribution - Success or Failure
Continuous probability distribution _ When the random variable changes continuously
De Moivre and Gauss's Normal Distribution _ Special Continuous Probability Distributions
Second Encounter│History of Fluid Mechanics
Archimedes' Principle - Discovery of Buoyancy
Pascal's Principle - From One Place to All Places
Da Vinci's Challenge: Can Humans Fly Like Birds?
Bernoulli's Principle: Why Airplanes Lift
Euler and the Continuity Equation of Fluids _ Understanding Partial Differentiation
Record of the motion of small particles _ the first scientific poem
Discovery of Brownian motion: the irregular movement of microscopic particles
Graham's Law: The Relationship Between Gas Diffusion Rate and Molecular Weight
Stokes' law: the resistance a spherical particle experiences in a fluid
Diffusion equation of the peak _ Diffusion caused by concentration difference
Maxwell's kinetic theory of gases _ Motion of ideal gases
Van't Hoff's theory of osmosis - the first Nobel laureate in chemistry
Third Encounter│Einstein's Statistical Mechanics
Lagrange multiplier - Different methods, but the answer is the same!
Helmholtz Energy - The Fundamental Laws of Thermodynamics
Finding an approximation of Stirling's formula _n!
Distribution function _ From Boltzmann's paper
Einstein's study of statistical mechanics using dynamics - explaining thermal phenomena with classical mechanics
Gibbs's Statistical Mechanics _ Gibbs's Entropy
Fourth Encounter│Inside the Brownian Motion Paper
Pre-Einstein Studies: Thermal Phenomena vs. Collision Phenomena of Molecules
Into the thesis Ⅰ _ Similar to the osmotic phenomenon
Into the Paper II - Explanation Using Diffusion Phenomenon
Into the Paper III _Relationship with the Diffusion Equation
Fifth Meeting│Scientists Who Researched Brownian Motion
Smoluchovsky's Random Walk: A Drunk Person's Walk of His Own
From random walk to diffusion motion - same result in the end
Langevin and Marie Curie: The Scandal of Two Physicists
Differential equation _ an equation containing differentiation
Langevin's equation: Explained using Newton's equations of motion
Determining Perrin's Avogadro Number - Counting Incredibly Large Numbers
In addition to the meeting
Kinetic Theory of Thermal Equilibrium and of the Second Law of Thermodynamics _Einstein's Statistics Paper English Version
Investigations on the Theory of the Brownian Movement _Einstein's Brownian Motion Paper in English
On the Theory of Brownian Motion _Langevin's paper in English
Concluding our meeting with a great paper
Papers referenced for this book
Greek letters used in formulas
Introducing the Nobel Prize winners in Physics
I hope you can understand the original papers of these genius scientists.
A Surprise Interview with Dr. Parisi, Who Established the Theory of Brownian Motion
First Encounter│History of Probability
The Birth of the Concept of Probability - How to Increase Your Odds of Winning in Gambling?
Binomial coefficients and Pascal's triangle - counting the number of cases
Bernoulli's Binomial Distribution - Success or Failure
Continuous probability distribution _ When the random variable changes continuously
De Moivre and Gauss's Normal Distribution _ Special Continuous Probability Distributions
Second Encounter│History of Fluid Mechanics
Archimedes' Principle - Discovery of Buoyancy
Pascal's Principle - From One Place to All Places
Da Vinci's Challenge: Can Humans Fly Like Birds?
Bernoulli's Principle: Why Airplanes Lift
Euler and the Continuity Equation of Fluids _ Understanding Partial Differentiation
Record of the motion of small particles _ the first scientific poem
Discovery of Brownian motion: the irregular movement of microscopic particles
Graham's Law: The Relationship Between Gas Diffusion Rate and Molecular Weight
Stokes' law: the resistance a spherical particle experiences in a fluid
Diffusion equation of the peak _ Diffusion caused by concentration difference
Maxwell's kinetic theory of gases _ Motion of ideal gases
Van't Hoff's theory of osmosis - the first Nobel laureate in chemistry
Third Encounter│Einstein's Statistical Mechanics
Lagrange multiplier - Different methods, but the answer is the same!
Helmholtz Energy - The Fundamental Laws of Thermodynamics
Finding an approximation of Stirling's formula _n!
Distribution function _ From Boltzmann's paper
Einstein's study of statistical mechanics using dynamics - explaining thermal phenomena with classical mechanics
Gibbs's Statistical Mechanics _ Gibbs's Entropy
Fourth Encounter│Inside the Brownian Motion Paper
Pre-Einstein Studies: Thermal Phenomena vs. Collision Phenomena of Molecules
Into the thesis Ⅰ _ Similar to the osmotic phenomenon
Into the Paper II - Explanation Using Diffusion Phenomenon
Into the Paper III _Relationship with the Diffusion Equation
Fifth Meeting│Scientists Who Researched Brownian Motion
Smoluchovsky's Random Walk: A Drunk Person's Walk of His Own
From random walk to diffusion motion - same result in the end
Langevin and Marie Curie: The Scandal of Two Physicists
Differential equation _ an equation containing differentiation
Langevin's equation: Explained using Newton's equations of motion
Determining Perrin's Avogadro Number - Counting Incredibly Large Numbers
In addition to the meeting
Kinetic Theory of Thermal Equilibrium and of the Second Law of Thermodynamics _Einstein's Statistics Paper English Version
Investigations on the Theory of the Brownian Movement _Einstein's Brownian Motion Paper in English
On the Theory of Brownian Motion _Langevin's paper in English
Concluding our meeting with a great paper
Papers referenced for this book
Greek letters used in formulas
Introducing the Nobel Prize winners in Physics
Detailed image
Into the book
Archimedes delved further into this problem.
You can easily lift a heavy rock underwater because the weight of the object decreases as it enters the water.
That is, in water, there is an upward force that acts in the opposite direction to the object's weight, and this is called the object's buoyancy.
--- p.83
Then one day, while lying in a field and looking up at the sky, I saw an eagle flying.
The falcon circled the sky for a long time without moving, with its wings spread wide.
Da Vinci took a hint from there and invented a machine that could fly by the power of the air with fixed wings.
--- p.93
In 1738, Daniel published his book Fluid Mechanics, which contained Bernoulli's laws for fluids.
Then, Father John plagiarized the contents of this book, fabricated the publication date, and published a book on fluid mechanics, claiming that he was the founder of fluid mechanics.
--- p.95
Wilbur, who followed Orville on that day, flew 255 meters in 59 seconds.
It was a major event that finally proved that it was possible to fly an aircraft heavier than air and control it at will.
--- p.104
“Observe what happens when sunlight enters a building and illuminates a shaded area.
You will see countless tiny particles mixing together in various ways.
The dance of tiny particles actually reveals the fundamental movements of matter hidden from our sight.
“The movement of small particles comes from atoms that move by themselves.” -Lucretius
--- p.111
Initially, botanists thought that Brownian motion was the movement of male gametes in plants.
However, such claims were dispelled when it was discovered that even pollen collected from trees that had been dead for hundreds of years undergoes Brownian motion.
Brown discovered in his experiments that even tiny pieces of glass undergo Brownian motion, just like pollen.
This problem is no longer just a topic for biologists, but has become a subject of research for physicists.
--- p.115
Einstein described Brownian motion as a diffusion phenomenon based on the random motion of suspended particles.
Smoluchovsky pondered this issue.
He thought he could explain Brownian motion by describing the random movement of particles, much like a drunk person walking around with no sense of direction.
This type of exercise is called a random walk exercise.
You can easily lift a heavy rock underwater because the weight of the object decreases as it enters the water.
That is, in water, there is an upward force that acts in the opposite direction to the object's weight, and this is called the object's buoyancy.
--- p.83
Then one day, while lying in a field and looking up at the sky, I saw an eagle flying.
The falcon circled the sky for a long time without moving, with its wings spread wide.
Da Vinci took a hint from there and invented a machine that could fly by the power of the air with fixed wings.
--- p.93
In 1738, Daniel published his book Fluid Mechanics, which contained Bernoulli's laws for fluids.
Then, Father John plagiarized the contents of this book, fabricated the publication date, and published a book on fluid mechanics, claiming that he was the founder of fluid mechanics.
--- p.95
Wilbur, who followed Orville on that day, flew 255 meters in 59 seconds.
It was a major event that finally proved that it was possible to fly an aircraft heavier than air and control it at will.
--- p.104
“Observe what happens when sunlight enters a building and illuminates a shaded area.
You will see countless tiny particles mixing together in various ways.
The dance of tiny particles actually reveals the fundamental movements of matter hidden from our sight.
“The movement of small particles comes from atoms that move by themselves.” -Lucretius
--- p.111
Initially, botanists thought that Brownian motion was the movement of male gametes in plants.
However, such claims were dispelled when it was discovered that even pollen collected from trees that had been dead for hundreds of years undergoes Brownian motion.
Brown discovered in his experiments that even tiny pieces of glass undergo Brownian motion, just like pollen.
This problem is no longer just a topic for biologists, but has become a subject of research for physicists.
--- p.115
Einstein described Brownian motion as a diffusion phenomenon based on the random motion of suspended particles.
Smoluchovsky pondered this issue.
He thought he could explain Brownian motion by describing the random movement of particles, much like a drunk person walking around with no sense of direction.
This type of exercise is called a random walk exercise.
--- p.205
Publisher's Review
★ Recommended by the National Science Teachers Association ★ Friendly, one-on-one science classes
★ A must-read for those planning to pursue a science or engineering degree ★ Includes English versions of Nobel Prize-winning papers
How should we prepare for the 2028 college entrance reform plan?
Here are ways to improve convergent thinking and problem-solving skills that will lead the new era.
The 2028 college entrance exam reform plan has been announced.
This is a plan to improve the college entrance exam and internal assessment methods that will be applied to students studying under the high school credit system starting in 2025.
The word that stands out in this reorganization plan is ‘fusion.’
Let's take 'Integrated Science', a subject tested in the science exploration section of the College Scholastic Ability Test, as an example.
In this subject, the fields of physics, chemistry, biology, and earth science are not clearly distinguished.
The content is developed from an Earth historical perspective by integrating the concepts of physics, chemistry, and biology.
In fact, if we look at the history of science, scholars' research areas are not clearly divided, and they have researched and developed science from various aspects.
Didn't Marie Curie, whom we all know well, win both the Nobel Prize in Physics and the Nobel Prize in Chemistry?
In addition, I would like to introduce the book, “The World’s Easiest Science Lesson: Brownian Motion.”
Since the discovery of Brownian motion by botanist Robert Brown while observing pollen in 1827, many biologists have jumped into the study.
However, when it was discovered that pollen from dead trees and tiny pieces of glass also undergo Brownian motion, the problem became a subject of study not only for biologists but also for physicists.
Finally, Einstein completed a complete theory of this in physics in 1905.
The school curriculum is moving toward fostering convergent thinking.
Classes are also taught by linking various subjects such as social studies, science, music, and mathematics.
The people who will lead the future are those who are capable of this type of convergent thinking.
This is an era that requires the ability to think from various perspectives and solve problems in new ways, without being biased towards one side or the other, and breaking away from conventional perspectives.
I hope this book will serve as a guide, providing desirable direction to those who will lead the new era.
Reading and conversation are the most basic of the basics for developing logical thinking skills.
Think broader and deeper through one-on-one conversations
When a new college entrance system reform plan is announced, parents flock to academy information sessions.
Private education companies are once again launching fear marketing campaigns, taking advantage of the changing college entrance exam policies.
So how should we respond to the changed 2028 college entrance exam system?
The most important strategy that university admissions directors commonly emphasize is ‘improving logical and critical thinking skills.’
It may sound like grasping at straws, but the core of this college entrance system reform plan is also the measurement of logical thinking ability.
These abilities can never be developed through private education.
It is impossible to prepare for the changed college entrance exam and school grade policy by simply learning problem-solving techniques that focus on memorizing knowledge.
The easiest way to develop logical thinking skills is through reading.
And based on this, it is a ‘themed conversation’.
Through conversations that delve into a topic, intellectual curiosity grows and intellectual capacity develops.
It would be great if you could have these conversations with your parents or friends, but realistically, that's not easy.
This book, "The World's Easiest Science Lesson: Brownian Motion," will completely wash away those worries.
The book's content unfolds as a conversation between Professor Jeong and the physics department.
Professor Jeong introduces the historical background of science and provides an interesting explanation of Einstein's paper on Brownian motion to help understand it.
And by peeking into a one-on-one conversation with a physics group that broadens their scope of thought through various questions, readers can also indirectly experience an in-depth conversation on this topic together.
This book will serve as a good guide to developing the ability to think more broadly and deeply, rather than simply acquiring fragmentary knowledge.
The outstanding research of the genius scientist Einstein
Brownian motion, which still has a significant impact on the scientific community, is ongoing.
When we think of Einstein, the first thing that comes to mind is the subject of the first book in this series, 'Special Theory of Relativity' and the E=mc² formula.
However, despite his reputation as a 'genius', there are many achievements of Einstein that are not well known to us.
One of them is ‘Brownian motion’, which is introduced in this book.
As the physics teacher who recommended this book said, even majors have only heard of the concept in college, so it is unfamiliar.
However, this theory is the basis for random walk research, which is currently at the core of big data and network science, which are in the spotlight.
This book details the process from a small discovery by botanist Brown to a complete description of physics by Einstein.
It helps to understand the Brownian motion paper by covering the history of probability and fluid mechanics, which are the basis of the theory, as well as statistical mechanics theory.
In addition, we introduce the research of many scholars who continued to study Brownian motion after Einstein established the theory.
Einstein's Brownian motion is not a theory that was completed over a hundred years ago and has since expired, but is still in progress.
Even now, many scientists are presenting new research results based on this theory.
I believe this book will serve as a solid stepping stone for students who dream of becoming scientists and those who will lead the future scientific community.
★ A must-read for those planning to pursue a science or engineering degree ★ Includes English versions of Nobel Prize-winning papers
How should we prepare for the 2028 college entrance reform plan?
Here are ways to improve convergent thinking and problem-solving skills that will lead the new era.
The 2028 college entrance exam reform plan has been announced.
This is a plan to improve the college entrance exam and internal assessment methods that will be applied to students studying under the high school credit system starting in 2025.
The word that stands out in this reorganization plan is ‘fusion.’
Let's take 'Integrated Science', a subject tested in the science exploration section of the College Scholastic Ability Test, as an example.
In this subject, the fields of physics, chemistry, biology, and earth science are not clearly distinguished.
The content is developed from an Earth historical perspective by integrating the concepts of physics, chemistry, and biology.
In fact, if we look at the history of science, scholars' research areas are not clearly divided, and they have researched and developed science from various aspects.
Didn't Marie Curie, whom we all know well, win both the Nobel Prize in Physics and the Nobel Prize in Chemistry?
In addition, I would like to introduce the book, “The World’s Easiest Science Lesson: Brownian Motion.”
Since the discovery of Brownian motion by botanist Robert Brown while observing pollen in 1827, many biologists have jumped into the study.
However, when it was discovered that pollen from dead trees and tiny pieces of glass also undergo Brownian motion, the problem became a subject of study not only for biologists but also for physicists.
Finally, Einstein completed a complete theory of this in physics in 1905.
The school curriculum is moving toward fostering convergent thinking.
Classes are also taught by linking various subjects such as social studies, science, music, and mathematics.
The people who will lead the future are those who are capable of this type of convergent thinking.
This is an era that requires the ability to think from various perspectives and solve problems in new ways, without being biased towards one side or the other, and breaking away from conventional perspectives.
I hope this book will serve as a guide, providing desirable direction to those who will lead the new era.
Reading and conversation are the most basic of the basics for developing logical thinking skills.
Think broader and deeper through one-on-one conversations
When a new college entrance system reform plan is announced, parents flock to academy information sessions.
Private education companies are once again launching fear marketing campaigns, taking advantage of the changing college entrance exam policies.
So how should we respond to the changed 2028 college entrance exam system?
The most important strategy that university admissions directors commonly emphasize is ‘improving logical and critical thinking skills.’
It may sound like grasping at straws, but the core of this college entrance system reform plan is also the measurement of logical thinking ability.
These abilities can never be developed through private education.
It is impossible to prepare for the changed college entrance exam and school grade policy by simply learning problem-solving techniques that focus on memorizing knowledge.
The easiest way to develop logical thinking skills is through reading.
And based on this, it is a ‘themed conversation’.
Through conversations that delve into a topic, intellectual curiosity grows and intellectual capacity develops.
It would be great if you could have these conversations with your parents or friends, but realistically, that's not easy.
This book, "The World's Easiest Science Lesson: Brownian Motion," will completely wash away those worries.
The book's content unfolds as a conversation between Professor Jeong and the physics department.
Professor Jeong introduces the historical background of science and provides an interesting explanation of Einstein's paper on Brownian motion to help understand it.
And by peeking into a one-on-one conversation with a physics group that broadens their scope of thought through various questions, readers can also indirectly experience an in-depth conversation on this topic together.
This book will serve as a good guide to developing the ability to think more broadly and deeply, rather than simply acquiring fragmentary knowledge.
The outstanding research of the genius scientist Einstein
Brownian motion, which still has a significant impact on the scientific community, is ongoing.
When we think of Einstein, the first thing that comes to mind is the subject of the first book in this series, 'Special Theory of Relativity' and the E=mc² formula.
However, despite his reputation as a 'genius', there are many achievements of Einstein that are not well known to us.
One of them is ‘Brownian motion’, which is introduced in this book.
As the physics teacher who recommended this book said, even majors have only heard of the concept in college, so it is unfamiliar.
However, this theory is the basis for random walk research, which is currently at the core of big data and network science, which are in the spotlight.
This book details the process from a small discovery by botanist Brown to a complete description of physics by Einstein.
It helps to understand the Brownian motion paper by covering the history of probability and fluid mechanics, which are the basis of the theory, as well as statistical mechanics theory.
In addition, we introduce the research of many scholars who continued to study Brownian motion after Einstein established the theory.
Einstein's Brownian motion is not a theory that was completed over a hundred years ago and has since expired, but is still in progress.
Even now, many scientists are presenting new research results based on this theory.
I believe this book will serve as a solid stepping stone for students who dream of becoming scientists and those who will lead the future scientific community.
GOODS SPECIFICS
- Date of issue: February 19, 2024
- Page count, weight, size: 295 pages | 152*215mm
- ISBN13: 9791193357224
- ISBN10: 1193357225
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