Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction to Genetics XVI
Chapter 2 Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction 16
Chapter 3: Basic Principles of Heredity 44
Chapter 4: Sex Determination and Reflective Traits 76
Chapter 5: Extensions and Variations of Basic Principles 104
Chapter 6: Pedigree Analysis, Use, and Genetic Testing 140
Chapter 7: Linkage, Recombination, and the Eukaryotic Gene Map 168
Chapter 8 Chromosome Mutations 212
Chapter 9: Genetics of Bacteria and Viruses 244
Chapter 10: DNA: The Chemical Nature of Genes 278
Chapter 11: Chromosome Structure and Organelle DNA 300
Chapter 12 DNA Replication and Recombination 328
Chapter 13: 360
Chapter 14: RNA Molecules and RNA Processing 384
Chapter 15: Genetic Code and Translation 414
Chapter 16: Regulation of Prokaryotic Gene Expression 446
Chapter 17: Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotic Cells 476
Chapter 18: Gene Mutation and DNA Repair 498
Chapter 19: Molecular Genetic Analysis and Biotechnology 540
Chapter 20 Genomics and Proteomics 588
Chapter 21: Epigenetics 624
Chapter 22 Developmental Genetics and Immunogenetics 646
Chapter 23: Cancer Genetics 674
Chapter 24: Quantitative Genetics 700
Chapter 25: Population Genetics 732
Chapter 26: Evolutionary Genetics 762
Appendix A-1
Glossary G-1
Correct answer A-1
Search I -1



Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction to Genetics XVI
Albinism among the Hopi people 1
1.1 Genetics is important to the study of individuals, society, and biology. 3
The Role of Genetics in Biology 4
Genetic Diversity and Evolution 4
DNA in the Biosphere 5
Field of Genetics 5
Model organisms for modern genetic research 6

1.2 Humans have been using genetics for thousands of years 8
Early Uses and Understanding of Genetics 8
The Birth of Genetics 10
Cutting Edge Genetics 11

1.3 Some basic concepts are very important to begin your journey into genetics. 12


Chapter 2 Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction 16
The Blind Man's Riddle 17
2.1 Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have very different genetic characteristics 18
2.2 Cell reproduction requires replication of genetic material, separation of copies, and cell division 20
Prokaryotic Reproduction by Binary Fission 20
Eukaryotic Reproduction 20
Cell Cycle and Mitosis 23
Genetic Implications of the Cell Cycle 26
Connecting Concepts | Counting Chromosomes and DNA Molecules 26

2.3 Sexual reproduction creates genetic variation through the process of meiosis 27
Meiosis 27
Sources of Genetic Variation in Meiosis 29
Connecting Concepts | Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis 33
Separation of sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes 34
Meiosis in the Life Cycle of Animals and Plants 35


Chapter 3: Basic Principles of Heredity 44
Blonde Genetics in the Western Pacific 45
3.1 Mendel discovered the basic principles of heredity 46
Mendel's successful discovery of the principles of heredity 47
Genetics Terms 48

3.2 Monohybrid crosses teach us the law of segregation and the concept of dominance 49
What does monogamous crossbreeding reveal? 49
Connecting Concepts | The Link Between Genetic Crossing and Meiosis 52
Molecular Characterization of Alleles 53
Predicting the Results of Genetic Crossing 53
Black Cross 58
Genetic Marking 58
Conceptual Connection | Ratio 58 in Monoecious Crosses

3.3 Hybridization demonstrates the law of independent species 59
Bisexual hybridization 59
Law of Independence 59
The Law of Independent Cells and its Relationship to Meiosis 59
Application of probability and cladograms to heterozygotes 60
Test cross for positive hybridization 62

3.4 The observed rainfall in the offspring may deviate from the expected value by chance 65
Chi-square test for goodness of fit 65


Chapter 4: Sex Determination and Reflective Traits 76
Dragon Castle 77
4.1 Sex is determined by several different mechanisms 79
Chromosomal sex determination system 79
Genetic sex determination system 81
Environmental Sex Determination 81
Sex Determination in Fruit Flies 82
Sex Determination in Humans 83

4.2 Reflective traits are determined by genes on the sex chromosomes 85
X-linked white eye 86 in fruit flies
Nondisjunction and the chromosome theory of inheritance 86
X-linked color blindness in humans 88
Genotype representation for X-linked genes 90
Z-linked trait 90
Y-linked trait 91
Connecting Concepts | Understanding Reflective Genetics 93

4.3 In some animals, gene dosage compensation equalizes the amount of protein produced by X-linked and autosomal genes 93
Lion Hypothesis 94
Random X inactivation mechanism 96


Chapter 5: Extensions and Variations of Basic Principles 104
The Strange Genetics of Left-Handed Snails 105
5.1 Additional factors affecting the genetic outcome of single-locus crosses 106
Dominant Type 106
Penetration and expression 109
lethal allele 110
Multiple allele 110

5.2 Genetic interactions occur when genes at multiple loci determine a single phenotype. 113
Genetic Interactions that Generate Novel Phenotypes 113
Genetic interactions showing superiority 114
Connecting Concepts | Interpreting Phenotypic Ratios Driven by Genetic Interactions 118
Complementarity: Determines whether mutations are at the same locus or at different loci 120
The Complex Genetics That Determine Dog Coat Color 121

5.3 Gender influences genetic inheritance and expression in various ways 123
Final consonant traits and single consonant traits 123
Cytoplasmic inheritance 125
Maternal genetic effect 127
Genomic Imprint 128

5.4 Prognosis is a phenomenon in which the onset becomes stronger and faster in the next generation. 130
5.5 Expression of genotypes is also influenced by environmental factors 130
Environmental Effects on Gene Expression 130
Inheritance of Continuous Traits 131


Chapter 6: Pedigree Analysis, Use, and Genetic Testing 140
The Secret of the Lost Fingerprint 141
6.1 Human genetic research is limited by the specific circumstances of human biology and culture. 142
6.2 Geneticists often use pedigrees to study human genetic traits 143
Symbols Used in Family Trees 143
Family Tree Analysis 143
Autosomal recessive trait 144
Autosomal dominant trait 145
X-linked recessive trait 146
X-linked dominant trait 148
Y-linked trait 148
Genetic mosaic pattern 150

6.3 Twin and adoption studies can help assess the importance of genes and environment 150
Type 150 of Twins
Twin concordance 151
Twin Studies and Asthma 152
Adoption Research 152

6.4 Genetic counseling and genetic testing provide information about hereditary diseases and traits. 153
Genetic Counseling 153
Genetic Testing 154
Interpreting Genetic Test Results 159
Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing 159
Genetic Discrimination and Individual Protection 160


Chapter 7: Linkage, Recombination, and the Eukaryotic Gene Map 168
Linked genes and baldness 169
7.1 Related genes do not segregate independently 170
7.2 Linked genes move together when recombination occurs through crossing over 172
Notation of Linkage Group Crosses 172
Differences Between the Laws of Complete Association and Independence 173
Crossover between related genes 175
Determining Recombination Frequency 177
Merchant and the Sangban 177
Conceptual Connection | Laws of Independence, Association, and Intersection 178
Physical Evidence of Recombination 179
Predicting the mating outcome of related genes 180
Verification of Relevance to the Law of Independence 181
Genetic mapping by recombination frequency 183
Genetic mapping using two-point crossover 185

7.3 Three-point testcross used to map three related genes 186
Genetic Mapping Using Three-Point Crossing 187
Concept Connection | Step-by-Step Process of Three-Point Crossover 188
The Effect of Multiple Crosses 194
Mapping the Human Gene 195
Mapping using molecular markers 197
Identifying Gene Locations in Genome-Wide Association Studies 197

7.4 Methods for creating physical maps used to determine the actual locations of genes on a particular chromosome 198
Somatic cell hybridization 198
Chromosome deletion map 199
Physical chromosome mapping through molecular analysis 200

7.5 Recombination rates exhibit a wide range of variations 201


Chapter 8 Chromosome Mutations 212
Making Better Bananas 213
8.1 Chromosome mutations include rearrangements, aneuploidy, and polyploidy. 214
Chromosome Structure 214
Type 215 of chromosomal mutations

8.2 Chromosome rearrangements change chromosome structure 216
Duplicate 216
Fruit 219
Station 220
Transition 223
Glazed area 225
Copy number mutation 225

8.3 Aneuploidy is an increase or decrease in the number of individual chromosomes 226
Type 226 of Isuseong
The influence of Lee Soo-seong 227
Human aneuploidy mutation 228
uniparental disomy 232
Genetic mosaic pattern 232

8.4 Polyploidy is having more than two sets of chromosomes 233
Homoploidy 233
Heterodiploidy 235
The Importance of Drainage 236


Chapter 9: Genetics of Bacteria and Viruses 244
Genetics of Medieval Leprosy 245
9.1 Bacteria and viruses play a vital role in human society and the Earth's ecosystem. 246
The World of Germs 247
Bacterial diversity 247

9.2 Genetic analysis of bacteria requires special techniques 248
Bacteriological Research Methods 248
Bacterial genome 249
Plasmid 250

9.3 Gene Transfer in Bacteria via Conjugation, Transformation, and Transduction 251
Junction 251
Gene transfer and antibiotic resistance in nature 259
Bacterial Transformation 259
Bacterial genome sequence 261
Horizontal gene transfer 261
Bacterial defense process 261

9.4 Viruses are simple replicating systems that are easily genetically analyzed. 262
Bacteriophage Research Techniques 263
Transduction: Mapping Bacterial Genes Using Phages 264
Connecting Concepts | Three Methods Used to Map Bacterial Genes 266
Genetic mapping of phages 267
Animal and plant viruses 268
Human Immunodeficiency Virus and AIDS 269
Influenza virus 271
Rhinovirus 272
Chapter 10 DNA: The Chemical Nature of Genes 278
Arctic Journey and Ancient DNA 279
10.1 Genetic material has several key characteristics 280
10.2 All genetic information is encoded within the structure of DNA or RNA 280
Early DNA Studies 280
DNA, the source of genetic information 282
Watson and Crick's discovery of DNA's tertiary structure 286
RNA as genetic material 287

10.3 DNA is composed of two complementary and antiparallel nucleotide strands that form a double helix 287
Primary Structure of DNA 287
Secondary Structure of DNA 290
Connecting Concepts | Genetic Implications of DNA Structure 293

10.4 Unusual structures can form in DNA and RNA 293


Chapter 11: Chromosome Structure and Organelle DNA 300
Telomeres and Childhood Adversity 301
11.1 A large amount of DNA is packaged within a single cell 302
Superhelix twist 302
Bacterial chromosome 303
Eukaryotic chromosome 304
Changes in chromatin structure 307

11.2 Eukaryotic chromosomes have centromeres and telomeres 309
Motif structure 309
Telomere Structure 310

11.3 Eukaryotic DNA contains many different types of base sequence variations 311
DNA Denaturation and Restoration 311
Types of DNA Sequences in Eukaryotes 311
Structure of Genetic Information in Eukaryotes 312

11.4 Organelle DNA has unique features 312
Mitochondria and Chloroplast Structure 312
Symbiosis Theory 313
Parthenogenetic inheritance of traits encoded by organelles 314
Mitochondrial genome 317
Evolution of Mitochondrial DNA 319
Mitochondrial DNA damage associated with aging 320
Mitochondrial Replacement Therapy 320
Chloroplast genome 321
Transfer of genetic information between nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast genomes 322


Chapter 12 DNA Replication and Recombination 328
Topoisomerases, Replication, and Cancer 329
12.1 Genetic information must be copied accurately each time a cell divides 330
12.2 All DNA replication proceeds in a semiconservative manner 330
Meselson and Stahl's Experiment 331
DNA replication pattern 333
Necessary conditions for replication 335
Direction of Replication 336
Conceptual Connection | Direction of Replication in Multiple Replication Forms 338

12.3 Bacterial DNA replication requires many enzymes and proteins 338
Initiation 338
Release 338
Height 340
End 344
Accuracy of DNA Replication 344
Connecting Concepts | Basic Principles of Replication 344

12.4 DNA replication in eukaryotes is similar to that in bacteria, but differs in several respects. 344
Eukaryotic origin of replication 345
DNA Synthesis and the Cell Cycle 345
Permission to copy 345
Release 345
Eukaryotic DNA polymerase 345
Nucleosome assembly 346
Replication site 347 in the nucleus
Replication of chromosome ends 347
DNA Replication in Archaea 350

12.5 Recombination occurs through alignment, excision, and repair of DNA strands 350
Recombinant Model 351
Enzyme 352 required for recombination
Genetic Transformation 353


Chapter 13: 360
Death Cap Addiction 361
13.1 RNA is a single-stranded ribonucleotide that participates in various cellular functions. 362
Early RNA World 362
RNA Structure 362
Type 363 of RNA

13.2 Transcription is the synthesis of a single RNA molecule from a DNA template 364
Mold 365
367 Temperaments Required for Warriors
Warrior mechanism 367
13.3 The bacterial transcription process consists of initiation, elongation, and termination. 369
Initiation Stage 369
Kidney Stage 371
Termination Stage 372
Connecting Concepts | Basic Rules of Transcription 374

13.4 Eukaryotic transcription is similar to bacterial transcription, but there are some important differences. 374
Nucleosome Structure and Transcription 374
Promoter 375
Initiation Stage 376
Kidney Stage 377
End stage 377

13.5 Transcription in archaea is more similar to that in eukaryotes than to that in bacteria 378


Chapter 14: RNA Molecules and RNA Processing 384
Royal Bottle 385
14.1 Most genes have complex structures 386
Genetic composition 386
Intron 388
Rethinking the Concept of Genes 389

14.2 In eukaryotes, mRNA encoding proteins is modified after transcription 389
mRNA structure 390
mRNA precursor processing 391
RNA splicing 393
Alternative processing path 395
RNA editing 398
Connecting Concepts | Eukaryotic Gene Structure and mRNA Precursor Processing 399

14.3 tRNAs that bind to amino acids undergo a modification process after being transcribed in the cell. 400
tRNA Structure 400
Structure and Processing of tRNA Genes 401

14.4 rRNA, a component of ribosomes, also undergoes processing after transcription 402
Ribosome Structure 402
Structure and Processing of rRNA Genes 403

14.5 Small RNA molecules perform diverse functions 404
RNA interference 404
Small interfering RNA and microRNA 405
Piwi-interacting RNA 406
CRISPR RNA 406

14.6 Regulation of Gene Expression by Long Noncoding RNAs 407

Chapter 15: Genetic Code and Translation 414
Child without a spleen 415
15.1 Many genes encode proteins 416
One Gene, One Enzyme Novel 416
Protein Structure and Function 419

15.2 The genetic code determines how the nucleotide sequence specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein 422
Decoding the Genetic Code 422
Password nesting 424
Translation template and initiation codon 426
Stop codon 426
The Universality of Passwords 426
Connecting Concepts | Characteristics of the Genetic Code 427

15.3 Amino acids are assembled into proteins through the protein synthesis machinery (translation) 427
tRNA binding of amino acids 428
Initiation of protein synthesis 429
Kidney Stage 431
End stage 433
Connecting Concepts | Comparing Bacterial and Eukaryotic Translation 435

15.4 Additional Properties of RNA and Ribosomes That Affect Protein Synthesis 436
Ribosome 3D structure 436
polyribosome 437
Messenger RNA surveillance 437
Posttranslational folding and modification of proteins 439
Translation and Antibiotics 439


Chapter 16: Regulation of Prokaryotic Gene Expression 446
Cell 447, full of operons and noise
16.1 Regulation of gene expression is crucial in all living things 448
Genes and Regulators 449
Step 449 of Gene Regulation
DNA binding protein 450

16.2 Operons are the units of transcriptional control in bacteria 451
Operon structure 452
Negative and Positive Regulation: Inducible and Repressible Operons 452
Escherichia coli lac operon 455
Mutation 457 of the lac operon
Positive regulation and inhibition of catabolites 461
trp operon 463 of E. coli

16.3 In some operons, transcriptional attenuation occurs, resulting in early termination of transcription. 464
Transcriptional attenuation regulation of the Escherichia coli trp operon 464
Why does transcriptional attenuation occur in the trp operon? 468
16.4 Bacteria also have other sequences that regulate gene expression 468
bacterial enhancer 468
antisense RNA 469
Liveswitch 469
RNA-mediated inhibition via ribozymes 470


Chapter 17: Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotic Cells 476
477 Genetic Differences That Distinguish Humans from Other Living Organisms
17.1 Eukaryotic cells and bacteria share many features of gene regulation, but differ in several important ways. 478
17.2 Changes in chromatin structure affect gene expression 478
DNA Degradation Enzyme I High Sensitivity 479
Chromatin remodeling 479
Histone variant 480
DNA methylation 482

17.3 Transcription initiation is regulated by transcription factors and transcription regulatory proteins 483
transcription activator, coactivator 484
transcription repressor 484
Enhancers and Isolators 485
Regulation of transcriptional arrest and elongation 486
Harmonious Gene Regulation 486

17.4 Some eukaryotic genes are regulated by RNA processing and degradation 488
Gene regulation through RNA splicing 488
RNA degradation 489

17.5 RNA interference is an important mechanism for gene regulation 490
Small interfering RNA and microRNA 490
Gene regulation mechanisms by RNA interference 491
Developmental regulation by RNA interference 492
RNA crosstalk 492

17.6 Some genes are regulated by processes that affect translation or protein modification 492
Connecting Concepts | Comparing Bacterial and Eukaryotic Gene Regulation 494


Chapter 18: Gene Mutation and DNA Repair 498
Lou Gehrig's disease and expanded nucleotide repeat sequence 499
18.1 Mutations are inherited changes in DNA sequences 500
The Importance of Mutations 500
Type 501 of Mutations
Types of Gene Mutations 502
Phenotypic effects of mutations 504
Suppressor mutation 506
Mutation rate 509
18.2 Mutations are caused by a number of different factors 510
Spontaneous replication error 510
Spontaneous Chemical Changes 512
Chemically induced mutations 513
Radiation 516

18.3 Mutations are a key area of ​​intense study for geneticists. 517
Mutation Detection Using Ames Test 517
Human Radiation Exposure 517

18.4 Transposons can cause mutations 519
General characteristics of transfer factors 519
Transition Process 520
Mutational effects by metastasis 521
Bacterial transfer factor 522
Eukaryotic transposase 523
Conceptual Connection | Types of Transfer Factors 527
Transposable elements in genome evolution 528

18.5 DNA repair occurs through several mechanisms 528
Uncongruent line 528
Direct Repair 530
Base excision repair 530
Nucleotide excision repair 531
Connecting Concepts | The Basic Pathways of DNA Repair 532
Double-strand break repair 532
Damage-transmitting DNA polymerase 533
Genetic Diseases and DNA Repair Defects 533


Chapter 19: Molecular Genetic Analysis and Biotechnology 540
Genome Editing Using CRISPR-Cas9 541
19.1 Genetics is being transformed by advances in molecular biology techniques 542
Key Innovations in Molecular Genetics 543
Research at the Molecular Level 543

19.2 Molecular techniques are used to cut and observe DNA sequences 544
Recombinant DNA technology 544
Restriction enzyme 544
Artificially engineered nuclease (gene scissors) 546
CRISPR-Cas genome editing 547
Isolating and Observing DNA Fragments 550
Locating DNA Fragments Using Probes 551

19.3 Ability to amplify specific DNA fragments 551
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 552
Gene Cloning 554

19.4 Molecular techniques can be used to identify genes of interest 559
DNA Library 560
In-situ hybridization 562
Location tracking cloning 562

19.5 DNA base sequences can be determined and analyzed 565
Dideoxy sequencing 565
Next-Generation Sequencing 568
DNA Fingerprinting 570

19.6 Molecular techniques are increasingly being used to analyze gene function 573
Forward Genetics and Reverse Genetics 573
Random Mutation Induction 573
Site-directed mutagenesis 574
Transgenic animals 575
Gene-deficient mice 576
Gene expression suppression using RNAi 577
Use of RNAi to Treat Human Diseases 578

19.7 Biotechnology Harnesses the Power of Molecular Genetics 579
Medicine 579
Special Bacteria 579
Agricultural products 580
Genetic Testing 581
Gene Therapy 581


Chapter 20 Genomics and Proteomics 588
Building Chromosomes for Class 589
20.1 Structural genomics determines the DNA sequence and structure of the entire genome 590
Genetic Map 590
Physical Map 591
Whole genome sequencing 593
Human Genome Project 593
What Exactly Is the Human Genome? 597
Single nucleotide polymorphism 597
Copy number mutation 599
Bioinformatics 600
Metagenomics 601
Synthetic Biology 601

20.2 Functional genomics uses genome-based approaches to determine the functions of genes. 602
Predicting Function from Sequence 602
Gene expression 603
Gene expression and reporter sequence 607
Genome-wide mutagenesis 607

20.3 Comparative Genomics Studying How Genomes Evolve 609
Prokaryotic Genome 609
Eukaryotic Genome 610
Human Genome 613
20.4 Proteomics, which analyzes all proteins found in a cell 614
Intracellular protein crystal 614
Affinity Capture 616
Protein gene microarray 616
Structural Proteomics 616


Chapter 21: Epigenetics 624
Epigenetics and the Dutch Hunger Winter 625
21.1 What is Epigenetics? 626
21.2 Some molecular processes cause epigenetic changes 627
DNA methylation 627
Histone variant 629
Epigenetic Effects of RNA Molecules 631

21.3 Epigenetic processes produce diverse effects 631
Simulated Mutation 632
Behavioral Epigenetics 634
Epigenetic Effects of Environmental Chemicals 636
Epigenetic Effects on Metabolism 636
Epigenetic Effects in Monozygotic Twins 637
X inactivation 637
Epigenetic changes associated with cell differentiation 639
Genomic Imprint 639

21.4 Epigenome 641


Chapter 22 Developmental Genetics and Immunogenetics 646
The Birth of Boneless Meat 647
22.1 Development occurs through cell fate decisions 648
Plant Cloning 649
Animal Cloning 649

22.2 Pattern formation in fruit flies is a model for genetic control of development 650
Development of Drosophila 651
oocyte axis formation gene 652
segmentation gene 654
Drosophila homeogene 655
Homeogene 656 from other organisms
Conceptual Connection | Regulation of Occurrence 657
Epigenetic regulation of development 657

22.3 Genes that Control Flower Development in Plants 658
Flower Structure 658
Genetic control of flower development 659
Connecting Concepts | Comparing the Development of Fruit Flies and Plant Flowers 660
22.4 Programmed cell death is a key mechanism of development 660
22.5 Understanding the process and pattern of evolution through the study of embryology 662
22.6 The development of immune function occurs through genetic rearrangement 664
Structure of the Immune System 664
Structure of Immunoglobulins 666
Acquisition of antibody diversity 667
Diversity of T Cell Receptors 669
major histocompatibility complex gene 669
Gene and Organ Transplantation 670


Chapter 23: Cancer Genetics 674
Paladin and Darkness 675
23.1 Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by cell proliferation. 676
Tumor formation 677
Cancer as a Genetic Disease 677
The Role of Environmental Factors in Cancer Development 680

23.2 Many types of genetic mutations cause cancer 680
Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes 680
Gene 683 that regulates the cell division cycle
DNA repair gene 687
Gene 687 that regulates telomerase
Genes that promote angiogenesis and tumor spread 688
MicroRNA and Cancer 688
Cancer Genome Project 689

23.3 Epigenetic changes are often associated with cancer 690
23.4 Colon cancer arises from mutations that occur sequentially in multiple genes 690
23.5 Changes in chromosome number and structure are often associated with cancer 692
23.6 Viruses Associated with Specific Cancers 694
Retroviruses and Cancer 694
Human papillomavirus and ovarian cancer 694


Chapter 24: Quantitative Genetics 700
Corn Oil and Quantitative Genetics 701
24.1 Quantitative traits are influenced by alleles at multiple loci 702
Relationship between Genotype and Phenotype 702
Type 704 of quantitative traits
Polygenic inheritance 704
Wheat Grain Color 705
Determining the number of genes for a multigenic trait 707

24.2 Statistical Methods for the Analysis of Quantitative Traits 707
Distribution 708
Sample and Population 708
Average 709
Variance and Standard Deviation 709
Correspondence 710
Regression 712
Applying Statistics to the Study of Polygenic Traits 714

24.3 Heritability is used to estimate the proportion of genetic variation among the variation in a trait. 715
Phenotypic variance 715
Type 716 of dielectric constant
Dielectric constant calculation 717
Limits of Heritability 719
Locating Genes Influencing Quantitative Traits 721

24.4 Genetically diverse traits change in response to selection 723
Predicting Responses to Choice 723
Limits of Response to Choice 725
Correlated responses to choice 726


Chapter 25: Population Genetics 732
Royal Island Wolf 733
25.1 Genotype and allele frequencies are used to describe the genetic makeup of a population 735
Calculating genotype frequencies 735
Calculating Allele Frequency 736

25.2 The Hardy-Weinberg law explains the effects of reproduction on genotype and allele frequencies. 738
Genotype frequencies in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium 738
A Closer Look at the Hardy-Weinberg Law 739
Implications of the Hardy-Weinberg Law 739
Extension of the Hardy-Weinberg Law 740
Hardy-Weinberg ratio test 740
Estimating Allele Frequencies Using the Hardy-Weinberg Law 742

25.3 Non-random mating affects genotype frequencies in a population 742
25.4 Various Evolutionary Forces Change Allele Frequencies 745
Mutation 745
Immigration 747
Total impact of migration: 748
genetic drift 748
Natural Selection 751
Conceptual Connection | General Effects of Forces on Allele Frequency 756



Chapter 26: Evolutionary Genetics 762
Spitting ape taste-sensing gene 763
26.1 Evolution occurs through genetic change within a population 764
Biological Evolution 764
Evolution as a two-stage process 764
Evolution of the Bighorn Sheep 765

26.2 High levels of genetic variation exist in many natural populations 766
Molecular-level mutation 766

26.3 New species arise through the evolution of reproductive isolation 768
Biological Species Concept 768
Reproductive Isolation Device 768
Mode of Speciation 770
Genetic differentiation associated with speciation 774

26.4 The evolutionary history of a group of organisms can be reconstructed by studying changes in homologous characters. 776
Alignment of homologous sequences 777
Creating a Phylogenetic Tree 778

26.5 The pattern of evolution is revealed by changes at the molecular level 779
The speed of evolution at the molecular level 779
Molecular Clock 780
Evolution through Changes in Gene Regulation 781
Evolution of the Genome 782


Appendix A-1
Introduction to Genetic Model Organisms A-1
Drosophila melanogaster A-2
Escherichia coli A-4
Caenorhabditis elegans A-6
Arabidopsis thaliana A-8
Mouse (Mus musculus) A-10
Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) A-12



Glossary G-1
Correct answer A-1
Search I -1