The Story of Chemistry That Changed World History
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Book Introduction
The production and use of glass by the Mesopotamians 5,000 years ago, which became the cornerstone of modern civilization,
The pyramid of King Khufu 4,500 years ago, and the Pyramid of the Persian Empire 2,300 years ago.
From Alexander the Great's 'dyeing camouflage' to 'chemical knowledge', it changed world history!
About 4,500 years ago, the 'chemical knowledge' of the ancient Egyptians who built the pyramid of King Khufu changed world history.
The Great Pyramid of Khufu, the largest structure in human history, is approximately 139 meters high, and is made up of 2.3 million stones weighing an average of 2.6 tons, with each side measuring approximately 230 meters. It weighs a total of 6 million tons.
How did the people of that time so readily manipulate this massive amount of stone, cut it to the desired size, and use it to build the pyramids? This is where their exceptional "chemical knowledge" came into play.
First, workers use an awl to drill many holes in a straight line at the desired location in the large stone.
Then, insert a wooden stick into the hole and pour water.
If left in that state for a while, the wooden stick will swell and expand, splitting the stone.
If the ancient Egyptians 4,500 years ago had not possessed this sophisticated 'chemical knowledge', the Great Pyramid of Khufu, the greatest structure in human history, would not have been built, and world history would likely have taken a very different turn.
About 2,300 years ago, the outstanding 'dye knowledge' and 'dyeing technology' of the ancient Greeks and Alexander the Great changed world history.
It was not long after the Greek army under Alexander the Great set foot on Persian territory.
He used a red dye called alizarin to camouflage his army, making it appear as a straggler overflowing with wounded soldiers.
It was a sophisticated psychological tactic to make the enemy let their guard down.
His tactics worked perfectly, and the Greeks, having defeated the numerically superior Persian army, went on to win successive battles, ultimately bringing down the vast Persian Empire.
This is another famous scene where 'chemical knowledge' regarding dyes and dyeing changed the course of world history.
This book covers the history of mankind and the world, which has been shaped by chemistry as the driving force and momentum over the long period of time, from the birth of the universe due to the Big Bang 13.8 billion years ago and the birth of the Earth 4.6 billion years ago, to the birth and evolution of life, the inventions and discoveries of fire, red pigment, sewing needles, clay, glass, gold, copper, plant fibers, paper, silk, gunpowder, firearms, bronze, iron, electricity, and more, to the beginning of agriculture and the production of bread, beer, and wine. It goes one step further and covers the history of the Earth and the universe, all of which have been shaped by chemistry as the driving force and momentum.
The pyramid of King Khufu 4,500 years ago, and the Pyramid of the Persian Empire 2,300 years ago.
From Alexander the Great's 'dyeing camouflage' to 'chemical knowledge', it changed world history!
About 4,500 years ago, the 'chemical knowledge' of the ancient Egyptians who built the pyramid of King Khufu changed world history.
The Great Pyramid of Khufu, the largest structure in human history, is approximately 139 meters high, and is made up of 2.3 million stones weighing an average of 2.6 tons, with each side measuring approximately 230 meters. It weighs a total of 6 million tons.
How did the people of that time so readily manipulate this massive amount of stone, cut it to the desired size, and use it to build the pyramids? This is where their exceptional "chemical knowledge" came into play.
First, workers use an awl to drill many holes in a straight line at the desired location in the large stone.
Then, insert a wooden stick into the hole and pour water.
If left in that state for a while, the wooden stick will swell and expand, splitting the stone.
If the ancient Egyptians 4,500 years ago had not possessed this sophisticated 'chemical knowledge', the Great Pyramid of Khufu, the greatest structure in human history, would not have been built, and world history would likely have taken a very different turn.
About 2,300 years ago, the outstanding 'dye knowledge' and 'dyeing technology' of the ancient Greeks and Alexander the Great changed world history.
It was not long after the Greek army under Alexander the Great set foot on Persian territory.
He used a red dye called alizarin to camouflage his army, making it appear as a straggler overflowing with wounded soldiers.
It was a sophisticated psychological tactic to make the enemy let their guard down.
His tactics worked perfectly, and the Greeks, having defeated the numerically superior Persian army, went on to win successive battles, ultimately bringing down the vast Persian Empire.
This is another famous scene where 'chemical knowledge' regarding dyes and dyeing changed the course of world history.
This book covers the history of mankind and the world, which has been shaped by chemistry as the driving force and momentum over the long period of time, from the birth of the universe due to the Big Bang 13.8 billion years ago and the birth of the Earth 4.6 billion years ago, to the birth and evolution of life, the inventions and discoveries of fire, red pigment, sewing needles, clay, glass, gold, copper, plant fibers, paper, silk, gunpowder, firearms, bronze, iron, electricity, and more, to the beginning of agriculture and the production of bread, beer, and wine. It goes one step further and covers the history of the Earth and the universe, all of which have been shaped by chemistry as the driving force and momentum.
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Introduction_ From the production and use of glass in the pyramid of King Khufu to the 'dye camouflage' of Alexander the Great
Chemical technology changed world history.
History of Chemistry 1
The birth of the universe
It all started here
4.6 billion years ago
The Birth of Earth - Overcoming Mass Extinction Through the Evolution of Life
· Was oxygen a poison gas to ancient creatures?!
· Why did the ancestors of most animals on Earth appear during the Cambrian Period 540 million years ago?
History of Chemistry 2
Prehistoric times
About 1.4 million years ago
Fire - Cooking Made Humans Human
· Consuming grilled meat significantly improved the brain.
Around 41,000 years ago
The use of red pigment - a new stage in human evolution as we began to use 'color'
· When did humans begin to consciously use ‘color’?
· Ancient humans who remembered what they saw with their eyes like photographs and reproduced them in cave paintings.
About 30,000 years ago
The invention of the sewing needle—the "tool-using ability" that enabled Homo sapiens to expand globally.
· The sewing needle that enabled advancement into frigid regions like Northern Europe and Siberia.
· Did ‘tool use’ promote language development?
About 20,000 years ago
Use of Clay - Earth, the most important material for the birth and development of civilization
· What is the oldest pottery in human history?
Around 8000 BC
The beginning of agriculture—villages, cities, states, and systematic power structures all originated here.
· Homo sapiens learned that a single seed can multiply hundreds of times in a year.
· Agriculture gave birth to villages, cities, states, kings, and ruling systems.
Around 6000 BC
Linen and LINE - The First Step Toward Civilization, Using Plant Fibers
· Did humans start using plant fibers as early as the Stone Age?
· Around 6000 BC, cotton was cultivated and used in Mexico and India?
History of Chemistry 3
ancient civilizations
Around 4000 BC
Use of Gold and Copper - The two metals most favored by mankind during the transition period to the Bronze Age.
· Why is copper not suitable as a material for agricultural tools or weapons?
Around 4000 BC
The Birth of Bread - The Ancient Egyptians Enjoyed a High-Level Food Culture with "Fermented Bread Using Yeast"
· Did people in the Neolithic Age also bake and eat bread?
· The secret to the wonderful aroma of bread: the Maillard reaction
Around 4000 BC
The Birth of Beer: The Discovery of Yeast, the Microorganism That Changed the World of Beverage
· In ancient Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations, beer was given as a substitute for wages?
· Why is beer called 'yeast urine'?
Around 4000 BC
The Birth of Wine - Another Great Alcoholic Beverage That Changed the World
· Which people taught the ancient Egyptians how to make wine?
· Why do we have to 'crush' grapes to produce wine?
· The Romans used the 'wooden barrels' rolled by the Germans to kill themselves as wine containers.
Around 3000 BC
The Use of Bronze: The Globalization of the Ancient World
· The first traded commodity of mankind was obsidian, mined in present-day Turkey around 6500 BC?
Around 3000 BC
The Uses of Glass - Without glass, we wouldn't have the cutting-edge scientific civilization we enjoy today.
· Were the first people in human history to invent glass the Mesopotamians or the Egyptians?
· What two substances are essential for making glass?
· What are the chemical principles and structures that make glass transparent?
Around 2800 BC
The oldest pharmacological book - 『Shennong Bencao Jing』, a compilation of all kinds of herbal medicines
Today's cutting-edge analytical and biochemical technologies are unlocking the secrets of herbal medicine's effectiveness, which have been shrouded in mystery for 4,000 years.
Around 2500 BC
The Pyramid of Khufu - The ancient Egyptians used their knowledge of chemistry to create the greatest structure in human history.
· How did the Egyptians cut the stone for building the pyramids 4,500 years ago, when they didn't have tools like stone cutters?
· Did the Egyptians use 'ancient cement' to finish building the pyramids?
Around 1500 BC
The Use of Iron - The Ancient World Dominated by Peoples with Iron Technology
· Ancient humans began producing and using iron by utilizing meteoric iron that flew in from space.
· Hittite iron manufacturing technology
· Understanding the 'ionization trend' reveals world history at a glance.
History of Chemistry 4
The formation of the Mediterranean world
Around 1600 BC
Purple is the color of royalty - Why were the ancients so obsessed with it?
· It took 12,000 horned snails to obtain 1.5 grams of purple dye?
Paul Friedlander, the German chemist who discovered the secret of purple dye after 3,500 years
Around 1323 BC
Tutankhamun's Mask - Gold, a Mineral That Has Fascinated People Since Ancient Times
· Why do Tutankhamun and ammonia have the same etymology?
· What is the chemical principle that makes gold a non-rusting metal?
Around 700 BC
Olive oil - one of the two key elements that sustained the ancient Greek city-states.
Thales, the ancient Greek philosopher who showed that even philosophers could make money using an olive press
Around 500 BC
Iron foundry manufacturing - strengthening national power through iron farm tools and weapons, and building a unified nation.
· If iron technology had not been invented during the Spring and Autumn Period, there would have been no unification of the country by Qin Shi Huang?!
429 BC
The world's first war to use poison gas - a paradigm shift in warfare.
· The ancient Greeks used poison gas, a chemical weapon, in the Peloponnesian War in the 5th century BC.
Around 400 BC
Democritus's atomic theory - an ancient Greek philosopher who argued that all things in the universe are composed of atoms.
· A Nobel Prize-winning scientist denied the existence of atoms, saying, “Atoms are nothing more than an illusion”?
· Why Epicurean philosophy, which delved into the essence of realism, was ridiculed by contemporary scholars
Around 385 BC
Plato's Symposium - Philosophy and Democracy Born from Wine
· How did the ancient Greeks come to believe that 'wine = civilized people, beer = barbarians'?
· Wine gave birth to the philosophy and democracy that sustained ancient Greece?
334 BC
In Search of Spices - The Hidden Reason Alexander the Great Embarked on His Persian Expedition
Alexander the Great, who wisely applied the scientific knowledge and insights he learned from his teacher Aristotle to his own army.
· Defeating the Persian army using the outstanding 'dyeing technology' of the ancient Greek world.
Around 300 BC
The Ancient Aroma Craze - Why Did Hippocrates, the 'Father of Medicine', So Encourage the Use of Aromas?
Theophrastus, a disciple of Aristotle who sparked a "whitening craze" in ancient Greek society with lead compounds
Around 250 BC
Alexandria - Accumulating the world's knowledge in a giant consumer city
· Ptolemy I, the Egyptian king who built the Museion to gather knowledge from all over the world in Alexandria
221 BC
The Qin Dynasty's Unification of China - How Salt Changed World History
· There is no salty molecule that replaces salt?!
· Why did Emperor Qin Shi Huang's salt monopoly become the foundation for China's unification?
History of Chemistry 5
Roman Empire era
Around 55 BC(?)
Lucretius's Poetry - Why Was His Insightful Atomism Rejected?
Lucretius, who argued that all things in the universe are made of atoms through his 7,400-line Latin poem, “On the Nature of Things.”
· Lucretius's atomic theory was buried because of Aristotle's philosophy?
51 BC
Wine of Gaul - Caesar, the foremost contributor to the creation of today's "Wine Kingdom" France
· The winemaking method that spread along with the advance of Caesar's army on the Gallic expedition
· Bordeaux and Burgundy, the two leading wine regions in the global wine industry
1st century BC
Innovation in Glassmaking Technology - The Roman Empire Spread Groundbreaking Glassmaking Technology and Culture Throughout Europe
· The wine industry that powered the ancient Roman glass industry
· As the Roman Empire expanded significantly, glass spread to the cold regions of Europe.
Around 1970
Encyclopedia of Pharmacy - The Greatest Pharmacological Book of Ancient Rome, Also Disseminated to Muslim Physicians
· Pedanius Dios Corides, a Roman soldier who wrote the book De Materia Medica, a compilation of classical medicine.
Around the 1st century (?)
Mary of Alchemy - Mary, a Jewish woman who was a brilliant alchemist and chemist.
An outstanding female alchemist and chemist who made Alexandria the world's greatest chemical city.
105 years
Papermaking: China's Papermaking Technology Expands the World of Knowledge
· The paper of Cai Lun, a eunuch of the Later Han Dynasty who revolutionized human recorded culture
128 years
Cement Use - Was Rome a 'Cement Empire'?
Rome, an empire built with cement and concrete
· The Pantheon, a temple symbolizing the outstanding architectural skills of ancient Rome
· Supporting cutting-edge civilization through the wise use of various materials.
History of Chemistry 6
The fall of the Roman Empire and the rise of Islam
552
The Secret of Silk: How Industrial Spies Spread Sericulture in Europe
· Two heretical Christian monks were dispatched to successfully bring back silkworm cocoons secretly.
· Justinian I of the Byzantine Empire
· How much fiber can be obtained from one silkworm cocoon?
673
Greek Fire - The Formidable New Weapon That Saved the Byzantine Empire from Destruction
· Was the person who invented 'Greek fire', the savior of the Byzantine Empire in crisis, a Syrian architect and scientist?
· Greek fire changed the international situation of the time.
History of Chemistry 7
Mongol Empire and Islamic Empire
Around 800 AD
An Accidental Explosion: The Invention of Gunpowder That Changed World History
· Taoist alchemy led to the invention of black powder?
· How did the cornerstone change world history from a chemistry perspective?
· The Song Dynasty of China, which deployed weapons that became the origins of modern weapons such as poison gas canisters, mines, land mines, and multiple rocket launchers in battles against foreign tribes.
Around 815
Islamic Alchemy: Beyond Alchemy to Chemistry
The Book of the Black Earth by Ibn Hayyan, an Islamic alchemist and chemist who had a profound influence on Europe
Jabir ibn Hayyan and the Islamic alchemists who made possible the creation of whiskey and rum, drinks that changed world history.
1085
Reconquista - The war to reclaim territory that opened the door to the Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution.
· Why was Alfonso VI's 'recapture of Toledo' a decisive turning point that changed the course of history?
· Alfonso X's massive literary translation project, a decisive driving force that shifted the leadership of world history from Arabia to Europe.
1096
The Crusades - A Fateful Encounter with the Unknown World of Greedy Europe
· Pope Urban II, the first person in power in human history to successfully use propaganda
· The Crusaders' recapture of Jerusalem and the Muslim reconquest of Jerusalem
Incendiary weapons, the terrifying new Islamic weapon that terrified the Crusaders
1202
The Transformation of the Crusades - Europe's Encounter with the Islamic World: A Massive Culture Shock
· Did you know that England's famous football club 'Arsenal' originated from a team made up of workers at the Royal Ordnance Factory?
The Fourth Crusade's conquest of Constantinople, which brought about the "Silk Age" in Europe
· The culture shock of encounters with the Islamic world ushered in an era of new trade routes through the spice race.
· What is the real reason for saying that “Islamic science is concentrated in the sword of Damascus”?
1221
The world's oldest pharmacy - the Medici family that dominated Europe's pharmaceutical supply chain
· When and where did the oldest pharmacy in human history begin operations?
· Genghis Khan's Mongol army that swept across the Eurasian continent and shook it to its core.
1257
The Mongol Army and the Spread of Gunpowder - The Mongols Who Built a Great Empire Spanning the East and West of the Eurasian Continent
· The Mongolian steppe equestrian people built a vast empire spanning the vast Eurasian continent from east to west.
13th century
Gunpowder to Europe - Firearms Shake Europe
· Roger Bacon, a Franciscan monk who left records about black powder
Around 1300
The emergence of distilled spirits - a new alcoholic beverage considered a miracle drug that restores vitality and strength to life.
· The birth of brandy and whiskey, the distilled spirits that changed world history.
Around 1300
Europe roars with cannon fire - a new weapon shakes up the European landscape.
· Why were the foundry workers who made church bells given special attention?
City-states that lacked modern cannons faded into the dustbin of history.
1346~1353
The Eve of the Plague - Why the 14th-Century Plague Began in the Colonial City of Kaffa
The first case of a pandemic that spread widely across multiple continents, the Plague of Justinian.
1346
Plague = biological weapon - Mongols used plague-infected corpses as chemical weapons by throwing them into the castle.
· The plague, the worst infectious disease that killed one-third of Europe's population
1377
The Beginning of Quarantine: The Plague Pandemic That Paradoxically Accelerated Social Change and Development
· Why did the English word 'quarantine', meaning 40, become synonymous with 'quarantine'?
The 14th-century plague pandemic that led to the decline of the Catholic Church's authority
History of Chemistry 8
Renaissance period
1415
Jan Hus's Critique of the Church - How One Clergyman's Struggle Changed the Course of History
· Jan Hus, the unfortunate priest who was burned at the stake for his dedication to the Czech independence movement
· How did Jan Zizka, the leader of the Taborites, turn a ragtag army of peasants, including women and children, into an elite force?
· 10,000 peasant soldiers annihilated 100,000 crusaders of the Holy Roman Empire, led by the Teutonic Knights?
1415
Prince Henry the Navigator - Laying the Foundation for the Age of New Navigation
· Ceuta's spices, which triggered the era of new sea routes
1417
The Rediscovery of Lucretius: A Unique View of Nature Unfiltered by Christianity
· Italian scholar Poggio Bracciolini discovered Lucretius' book, On the Nature of Things, in a German monastery library.
Around 1440
The invention of the printing press - the Big Bang of global knowledge
· Why did the printing press, invented in China, spread more rapidly to Europe than to Northeast Asia?
· What was the unexpected factor that led to the failure of Goryeo's metal movable type, which preceded Gutenberg by 200 years, to be industrialized and popularized?
Gutenberg, who achieved the great feat of practicalizing letterpress printing
· The devastating disaster that befell Gutenberg, a fire at his printing plant, paradoxically led to the widespread spread of movable type printing.
1450
The Hundred Years' War Ends - A Nation That Neglects Scientific and Technological Innovation Will Inevitably Fall
· France defeated the English army with the power of new weapons, cannons, and ended the Hundred Years' War.
1453
The Fall of Constantinople - The Eastern Roman Empire Fade into History
Mehmet II, who destroyed the impregnable fortress of Constantinople, which had resisted 23 attacks from foreign tribes over 1,000 years, with an extraordinary strategy.
· Why did Russia claim to be a direct descendant of the Roman Empire?
· Ancient Greek philosophy, science, and art that promoted the Renaissance
· The cannon, the weapon that forced the end of the Renaissance
HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY 9
The era of pioneering new routes
1492
European powers reach the New World - a world tour during the era of pioneering new sea routes, comparable to today's space exploration.
· Columbus's second voyage, which brought rubber to Europe
· Scurvy, the greatest enemy that threatened the European powers and explorers who led the era of new sea routes.
1516
Sugarcane cultivation - a huge triangular trade zone formed across the Atlantic Ocean
· Why is sugarcane cultivation considered a major event, a signal that human agriculture was entering a new phase?
· Rum, which became a symbol of anti-establishment sentiment against the imperialist British Empire in the New World of America
1516
The Rise of Capitalism - The Rich and Powerful in Europe Who Made Huge Profits from Church Business
· A silver coin from the Sankt Joachimstal mine in the northern Czech Republic, which became the prototype of today's representative reserve currency, the US dollar.
· Did Germany's 'silver mines' become the origin of the Reformation that changed the course of world history?
1521
Conquering the Aztec Empire - Natural Dyes That Gained Vast Wealth in Spain
· What were the two decisive factors that led to the destruction of Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec Empire?
· The invader Cortés was shocked to see the vibrant trade in natural dyes that had never existed in Europe.
· Why did Cortes make his men drink 'chocolatl', the prototype of chocolate?
1532
Conquest of the Inca Empire - The Silver of Colonial America that Made Spain a World Empire
· The development of the Potosí silver mine in Spain, which caused severe inflation and destabilized the European economy.
1541
The 'Luther of Medicine' Emerges - A Physician Who Dedicated His Life to Introducing a New Renaissance-Style Pharmacy
Paracelsus, the 'Luther of medicine' who first advocated the concept of modern pharmacy
1554
The World's First Coffeehouse - How an Ordinary Drink Changed World History
· In the beginning, coffee was used more as a 'medicine' than as a beverage?
· How did coffee, once shunned as the "Satanic drink of Muslims," spread so quickly throughout Europe?
Coffeehouses Become "Incubators" of Capitalism
· Alkaloid molecules in coffee, chocolate, and other substances that have been the source of funds for coups and military regimes and the starting point for evil acts such as slave labor.
· Coffee saved humanity?
1556
Publication of "On Metals" - A book that led to the development of mining during the Renaissance.
· Why was the doctor so deeply captivated by the allure of the 'mine'?
· Why 『On Metals』 is such an important book from the perspective of the world history of chemistry.
HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY 10
Age of Scientific Revolution
1615
The Coal Age: Giving Birth to Railways, Factories, Workers, Industrial Cities, and Capitalism
· What were the circumstances that forced King Edward I of England to arrest and execute a man who burned coal?
· What is the context in which the introduction of 'bricks' and 'heating facilities' led to the establishment of a capitalist system?
· Without coal, railroads, factories, workers, industrial cities, and even capitalism itself could not exist?
1661
Boyle's Law - Chemistry breaks away from alchemy and begins to be recognized as a proper discipline.
· The first scientist to explore matter in a rational way and to establish chemistry as a proper academic discipline
Robert Hooke, the scientist who first introduced the world to the 'micro world' by discovering cells under a microscope
1667
The Discovery of the Spice Islands: The Flavor Molecules That Made History
· Originally, spices were used as various medicines and as 'talismans' to drive away the plague?
· Why were cloves and nutmeg sold at such high prices in Europe?
· A fierce battle between European powers such as Portugal, the Netherlands, and Spain over the Banda Islands, a clove and nutmeg producing area.
· Was the Spice Islands the price the Dutch paid for handing over control of New York to England?
HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY 11
The era of the industrial revolution and the civil revolution
1704
The Invention of Prussian Blue: The Color That Fascinated Van Gogh and Hokusai
· Prussian Blue, developed by Berlin dyer Johann Jakob Disbach, who changed the world of art history
1707
Barrel-aged whiskey - a new and groundbreaking brewing technique accidentally invented to avoid tax
· Did Henry VIII's persecution of Catholicism lead to the birth of today's world-famous 'Scotch whiskey'?
1709
Coke-Based Ironmaking: Laying the Foundation for the Industrial Revolution with a New Ironmaking Method
· Coke, developed by Dudley, changed the paradigm of the steel industry.
The Davi family, which invented a groundbreaking technology that changed the 3,000-year history of ironmaking.
1722
Peter the Great - Ergotism Destroyed His Aim of Exploring the Black Sea
Peter the Great of Russia worked as a shipwright in a Dutch shipyard to learn advanced shipbuilding techniques.
· Ergot alkaloids that threw ashes into Peter the Great's grand goal of advancing to the Black Sea
1735
A treasure trove of "new discoveries" in Central and South America - the introduction of rubber, another new material that changed world history, to Europe.
· The 'dispute over the shape of the Earth' between Newton and Descartes, which led to numerous surprising discoveries.
· Rubber, a new material that has transformed European and world history and established itself as a representative material supporting modern civilization.
1769
The popularity of porcelain and black tea—two commodities that underpinned the Industrial Revolution.
· Josiah Wedgwood of England, who invented the mass production technique for porcelain and became the 'king of porcelain'
· How did black tea become a stalwart of the 18th-century Industrial Revolution?
1773
The Boston Tea Party: The Unexpected Turnaround That Made Coffee Popular in America
· The Boston Tea Party, a decisive turning point in America's struggle for independence from British rule
Caffeine, the ingredient in tea and coffee that drove world history
1776
The American Declaration of Independence - Lucretian Thought Revived in America
· It is said that Thomas Jefferson, who was deeply influenced by Lucretius' philosophy, reflected his ideas in the American Declaration of Independence?
Benjamin Franklin's clever diplomacy changed the course of the American-Anglo-American War.
1784
Mass Production of Steel - The Perilous Journey to Strong Iron
· To make steel, the ‘oo element of iron’ must be removed.
What is oo here?
Henry Coates, the 'Father of the Puddle Method' who revolutionized the history of global steelmaking
1789
The Birth of Chemistry: A Chemistry Revolutionary Who Perished on the Guillotine
Lavoisier, the 'father of chemistry' who sentenced alchemy to death
· “The Republic doesn’t need chemists.”
· Shocked by the guillotining of his teacher Lavoisier, DuPont fled to the United States and based on his outstanding knowledge of chemistry,
Building a huge business
· Why did Napoleon reorganize his army around 'cannons'?
Napoleon, who had a keener insight than anyone else into the fact that the power of science was the key to victory in war.
1791
Galvani's Animal Electricity - Discovering the Flow of Electricity with the 'Frog Experiment'
· William Gilbert, who discovered the secret of electricity, was Elizabeth I's personal physician?
· Alessandro Volta, a chemist who discovered that the contact between two types of metals is the essence of electricity generation.
1795
Preventing scurvy - caused by vitamin C deficiency
· James Lind, a British physician who discovered that fresh fruits and vegetables prevent scurvy
Around 1800
The invention of the Voltaic battery - another new material that changed world history and civilization.
· Volta, the first scientist in human history to successfully generate an electric current
· If there had been no 'fantastic linkage play between Galvani and Volta' to invent the battery, would the smartphone not have been created?
References
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Chemical technology changed world history.
History of Chemistry 1
The birth of the universe
It all started here
4.6 billion years ago
The Birth of Earth - Overcoming Mass Extinction Through the Evolution of Life
· Was oxygen a poison gas to ancient creatures?!
· Why did the ancestors of most animals on Earth appear during the Cambrian Period 540 million years ago?
History of Chemistry 2
Prehistoric times
About 1.4 million years ago
Fire - Cooking Made Humans Human
· Consuming grilled meat significantly improved the brain.
Around 41,000 years ago
The use of red pigment - a new stage in human evolution as we began to use 'color'
· When did humans begin to consciously use ‘color’?
· Ancient humans who remembered what they saw with their eyes like photographs and reproduced them in cave paintings.
About 30,000 years ago
The invention of the sewing needle—the "tool-using ability" that enabled Homo sapiens to expand globally.
· The sewing needle that enabled advancement into frigid regions like Northern Europe and Siberia.
· Did ‘tool use’ promote language development?
About 20,000 years ago
Use of Clay - Earth, the most important material for the birth and development of civilization
· What is the oldest pottery in human history?
Around 8000 BC
The beginning of agriculture—villages, cities, states, and systematic power structures all originated here.
· Homo sapiens learned that a single seed can multiply hundreds of times in a year.
· Agriculture gave birth to villages, cities, states, kings, and ruling systems.
Around 6000 BC
Linen and LINE - The First Step Toward Civilization, Using Plant Fibers
· Did humans start using plant fibers as early as the Stone Age?
· Around 6000 BC, cotton was cultivated and used in Mexico and India?
History of Chemistry 3
ancient civilizations
Around 4000 BC
Use of Gold and Copper - The two metals most favored by mankind during the transition period to the Bronze Age.
· Why is copper not suitable as a material for agricultural tools or weapons?
Around 4000 BC
The Birth of Bread - The Ancient Egyptians Enjoyed a High-Level Food Culture with "Fermented Bread Using Yeast"
· Did people in the Neolithic Age also bake and eat bread?
· The secret to the wonderful aroma of bread: the Maillard reaction
Around 4000 BC
The Birth of Beer: The Discovery of Yeast, the Microorganism That Changed the World of Beverage
· In ancient Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations, beer was given as a substitute for wages?
· Why is beer called 'yeast urine'?
Around 4000 BC
The Birth of Wine - Another Great Alcoholic Beverage That Changed the World
· Which people taught the ancient Egyptians how to make wine?
· Why do we have to 'crush' grapes to produce wine?
· The Romans used the 'wooden barrels' rolled by the Germans to kill themselves as wine containers.
Around 3000 BC
The Use of Bronze: The Globalization of the Ancient World
· The first traded commodity of mankind was obsidian, mined in present-day Turkey around 6500 BC?
Around 3000 BC
The Uses of Glass - Without glass, we wouldn't have the cutting-edge scientific civilization we enjoy today.
· Were the first people in human history to invent glass the Mesopotamians or the Egyptians?
· What two substances are essential for making glass?
· What are the chemical principles and structures that make glass transparent?
Around 2800 BC
The oldest pharmacological book - 『Shennong Bencao Jing』, a compilation of all kinds of herbal medicines
Today's cutting-edge analytical and biochemical technologies are unlocking the secrets of herbal medicine's effectiveness, which have been shrouded in mystery for 4,000 years.
Around 2500 BC
The Pyramid of Khufu - The ancient Egyptians used their knowledge of chemistry to create the greatest structure in human history.
· How did the Egyptians cut the stone for building the pyramids 4,500 years ago, when they didn't have tools like stone cutters?
· Did the Egyptians use 'ancient cement' to finish building the pyramids?
Around 1500 BC
The Use of Iron - The Ancient World Dominated by Peoples with Iron Technology
· Ancient humans began producing and using iron by utilizing meteoric iron that flew in from space.
· Hittite iron manufacturing technology
· Understanding the 'ionization trend' reveals world history at a glance.
History of Chemistry 4
The formation of the Mediterranean world
Around 1600 BC
Purple is the color of royalty - Why were the ancients so obsessed with it?
· It took 12,000 horned snails to obtain 1.5 grams of purple dye?
Paul Friedlander, the German chemist who discovered the secret of purple dye after 3,500 years
Around 1323 BC
Tutankhamun's Mask - Gold, a Mineral That Has Fascinated People Since Ancient Times
· Why do Tutankhamun and ammonia have the same etymology?
· What is the chemical principle that makes gold a non-rusting metal?
Around 700 BC
Olive oil - one of the two key elements that sustained the ancient Greek city-states.
Thales, the ancient Greek philosopher who showed that even philosophers could make money using an olive press
Around 500 BC
Iron foundry manufacturing - strengthening national power through iron farm tools and weapons, and building a unified nation.
· If iron technology had not been invented during the Spring and Autumn Period, there would have been no unification of the country by Qin Shi Huang?!
429 BC
The world's first war to use poison gas - a paradigm shift in warfare.
· The ancient Greeks used poison gas, a chemical weapon, in the Peloponnesian War in the 5th century BC.
Around 400 BC
Democritus's atomic theory - an ancient Greek philosopher who argued that all things in the universe are composed of atoms.
· A Nobel Prize-winning scientist denied the existence of atoms, saying, “Atoms are nothing more than an illusion”?
· Why Epicurean philosophy, which delved into the essence of realism, was ridiculed by contemporary scholars
Around 385 BC
Plato's Symposium - Philosophy and Democracy Born from Wine
· How did the ancient Greeks come to believe that 'wine = civilized people, beer = barbarians'?
· Wine gave birth to the philosophy and democracy that sustained ancient Greece?
334 BC
In Search of Spices - The Hidden Reason Alexander the Great Embarked on His Persian Expedition
Alexander the Great, who wisely applied the scientific knowledge and insights he learned from his teacher Aristotle to his own army.
· Defeating the Persian army using the outstanding 'dyeing technology' of the ancient Greek world.
Around 300 BC
The Ancient Aroma Craze - Why Did Hippocrates, the 'Father of Medicine', So Encourage the Use of Aromas?
Theophrastus, a disciple of Aristotle who sparked a "whitening craze" in ancient Greek society with lead compounds
Around 250 BC
Alexandria - Accumulating the world's knowledge in a giant consumer city
· Ptolemy I, the Egyptian king who built the Museion to gather knowledge from all over the world in Alexandria
221 BC
The Qin Dynasty's Unification of China - How Salt Changed World History
· There is no salty molecule that replaces salt?!
· Why did Emperor Qin Shi Huang's salt monopoly become the foundation for China's unification?
History of Chemistry 5
Roman Empire era
Around 55 BC(?)
Lucretius's Poetry - Why Was His Insightful Atomism Rejected?
Lucretius, who argued that all things in the universe are made of atoms through his 7,400-line Latin poem, “On the Nature of Things.”
· Lucretius's atomic theory was buried because of Aristotle's philosophy?
51 BC
Wine of Gaul - Caesar, the foremost contributor to the creation of today's "Wine Kingdom" France
· The winemaking method that spread along with the advance of Caesar's army on the Gallic expedition
· Bordeaux and Burgundy, the two leading wine regions in the global wine industry
1st century BC
Innovation in Glassmaking Technology - The Roman Empire Spread Groundbreaking Glassmaking Technology and Culture Throughout Europe
· The wine industry that powered the ancient Roman glass industry
· As the Roman Empire expanded significantly, glass spread to the cold regions of Europe.
Around 1970
Encyclopedia of Pharmacy - The Greatest Pharmacological Book of Ancient Rome, Also Disseminated to Muslim Physicians
· Pedanius Dios Corides, a Roman soldier who wrote the book De Materia Medica, a compilation of classical medicine.
Around the 1st century (?)
Mary of Alchemy - Mary, a Jewish woman who was a brilliant alchemist and chemist.
An outstanding female alchemist and chemist who made Alexandria the world's greatest chemical city.
105 years
Papermaking: China's Papermaking Technology Expands the World of Knowledge
· The paper of Cai Lun, a eunuch of the Later Han Dynasty who revolutionized human recorded culture
128 years
Cement Use - Was Rome a 'Cement Empire'?
Rome, an empire built with cement and concrete
· The Pantheon, a temple symbolizing the outstanding architectural skills of ancient Rome
· Supporting cutting-edge civilization through the wise use of various materials.
History of Chemistry 6
The fall of the Roman Empire and the rise of Islam
552
The Secret of Silk: How Industrial Spies Spread Sericulture in Europe
· Two heretical Christian monks were dispatched to successfully bring back silkworm cocoons secretly.
· Justinian I of the Byzantine Empire
· How much fiber can be obtained from one silkworm cocoon?
673
Greek Fire - The Formidable New Weapon That Saved the Byzantine Empire from Destruction
· Was the person who invented 'Greek fire', the savior of the Byzantine Empire in crisis, a Syrian architect and scientist?
· Greek fire changed the international situation of the time.
History of Chemistry 7
Mongol Empire and Islamic Empire
Around 800 AD
An Accidental Explosion: The Invention of Gunpowder That Changed World History
· Taoist alchemy led to the invention of black powder?
· How did the cornerstone change world history from a chemistry perspective?
· The Song Dynasty of China, which deployed weapons that became the origins of modern weapons such as poison gas canisters, mines, land mines, and multiple rocket launchers in battles against foreign tribes.
Around 815
Islamic Alchemy: Beyond Alchemy to Chemistry
The Book of the Black Earth by Ibn Hayyan, an Islamic alchemist and chemist who had a profound influence on Europe
Jabir ibn Hayyan and the Islamic alchemists who made possible the creation of whiskey and rum, drinks that changed world history.
1085
Reconquista - The war to reclaim territory that opened the door to the Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution.
· Why was Alfonso VI's 'recapture of Toledo' a decisive turning point that changed the course of history?
· Alfonso X's massive literary translation project, a decisive driving force that shifted the leadership of world history from Arabia to Europe.
1096
The Crusades - A Fateful Encounter with the Unknown World of Greedy Europe
· Pope Urban II, the first person in power in human history to successfully use propaganda
· The Crusaders' recapture of Jerusalem and the Muslim reconquest of Jerusalem
Incendiary weapons, the terrifying new Islamic weapon that terrified the Crusaders
1202
The Transformation of the Crusades - Europe's Encounter with the Islamic World: A Massive Culture Shock
· Did you know that England's famous football club 'Arsenal' originated from a team made up of workers at the Royal Ordnance Factory?
The Fourth Crusade's conquest of Constantinople, which brought about the "Silk Age" in Europe
· The culture shock of encounters with the Islamic world ushered in an era of new trade routes through the spice race.
· What is the real reason for saying that “Islamic science is concentrated in the sword of Damascus”?
1221
The world's oldest pharmacy - the Medici family that dominated Europe's pharmaceutical supply chain
· When and where did the oldest pharmacy in human history begin operations?
· Genghis Khan's Mongol army that swept across the Eurasian continent and shook it to its core.
1257
The Mongol Army and the Spread of Gunpowder - The Mongols Who Built a Great Empire Spanning the East and West of the Eurasian Continent
· The Mongolian steppe equestrian people built a vast empire spanning the vast Eurasian continent from east to west.
13th century
Gunpowder to Europe - Firearms Shake Europe
· Roger Bacon, a Franciscan monk who left records about black powder
Around 1300
The emergence of distilled spirits - a new alcoholic beverage considered a miracle drug that restores vitality and strength to life.
· The birth of brandy and whiskey, the distilled spirits that changed world history.
Around 1300
Europe roars with cannon fire - a new weapon shakes up the European landscape.
· Why were the foundry workers who made church bells given special attention?
City-states that lacked modern cannons faded into the dustbin of history.
1346~1353
The Eve of the Plague - Why the 14th-Century Plague Began in the Colonial City of Kaffa
The first case of a pandemic that spread widely across multiple continents, the Plague of Justinian.
1346
Plague = biological weapon - Mongols used plague-infected corpses as chemical weapons by throwing them into the castle.
· The plague, the worst infectious disease that killed one-third of Europe's population
1377
The Beginning of Quarantine: The Plague Pandemic That Paradoxically Accelerated Social Change and Development
· Why did the English word 'quarantine', meaning 40, become synonymous with 'quarantine'?
The 14th-century plague pandemic that led to the decline of the Catholic Church's authority
History of Chemistry 8
Renaissance period
1415
Jan Hus's Critique of the Church - How One Clergyman's Struggle Changed the Course of History
· Jan Hus, the unfortunate priest who was burned at the stake for his dedication to the Czech independence movement
· How did Jan Zizka, the leader of the Taborites, turn a ragtag army of peasants, including women and children, into an elite force?
· 10,000 peasant soldiers annihilated 100,000 crusaders of the Holy Roman Empire, led by the Teutonic Knights?
1415
Prince Henry the Navigator - Laying the Foundation for the Age of New Navigation
· Ceuta's spices, which triggered the era of new sea routes
1417
The Rediscovery of Lucretius: A Unique View of Nature Unfiltered by Christianity
· Italian scholar Poggio Bracciolini discovered Lucretius' book, On the Nature of Things, in a German monastery library.
Around 1440
The invention of the printing press - the Big Bang of global knowledge
· Why did the printing press, invented in China, spread more rapidly to Europe than to Northeast Asia?
· What was the unexpected factor that led to the failure of Goryeo's metal movable type, which preceded Gutenberg by 200 years, to be industrialized and popularized?
Gutenberg, who achieved the great feat of practicalizing letterpress printing
· The devastating disaster that befell Gutenberg, a fire at his printing plant, paradoxically led to the widespread spread of movable type printing.
1450
The Hundred Years' War Ends - A Nation That Neglects Scientific and Technological Innovation Will Inevitably Fall
· France defeated the English army with the power of new weapons, cannons, and ended the Hundred Years' War.
1453
The Fall of Constantinople - The Eastern Roman Empire Fade into History
Mehmet II, who destroyed the impregnable fortress of Constantinople, which had resisted 23 attacks from foreign tribes over 1,000 years, with an extraordinary strategy.
· Why did Russia claim to be a direct descendant of the Roman Empire?
· Ancient Greek philosophy, science, and art that promoted the Renaissance
· The cannon, the weapon that forced the end of the Renaissance
HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY 9
The era of pioneering new routes
1492
European powers reach the New World - a world tour during the era of pioneering new sea routes, comparable to today's space exploration.
· Columbus's second voyage, which brought rubber to Europe
· Scurvy, the greatest enemy that threatened the European powers and explorers who led the era of new sea routes.
1516
Sugarcane cultivation - a huge triangular trade zone formed across the Atlantic Ocean
· Why is sugarcane cultivation considered a major event, a signal that human agriculture was entering a new phase?
· Rum, which became a symbol of anti-establishment sentiment against the imperialist British Empire in the New World of America
1516
The Rise of Capitalism - The Rich and Powerful in Europe Who Made Huge Profits from Church Business
· A silver coin from the Sankt Joachimstal mine in the northern Czech Republic, which became the prototype of today's representative reserve currency, the US dollar.
· Did Germany's 'silver mines' become the origin of the Reformation that changed the course of world history?
1521
Conquering the Aztec Empire - Natural Dyes That Gained Vast Wealth in Spain
· What were the two decisive factors that led to the destruction of Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec Empire?
· The invader Cortés was shocked to see the vibrant trade in natural dyes that had never existed in Europe.
· Why did Cortes make his men drink 'chocolatl', the prototype of chocolate?
1532
Conquest of the Inca Empire - The Silver of Colonial America that Made Spain a World Empire
· The development of the Potosí silver mine in Spain, which caused severe inflation and destabilized the European economy.
1541
The 'Luther of Medicine' Emerges - A Physician Who Dedicated His Life to Introducing a New Renaissance-Style Pharmacy
Paracelsus, the 'Luther of medicine' who first advocated the concept of modern pharmacy
1554
The World's First Coffeehouse - How an Ordinary Drink Changed World History
· In the beginning, coffee was used more as a 'medicine' than as a beverage?
· How did coffee, once shunned as the "Satanic drink of Muslims," spread so quickly throughout Europe?
Coffeehouses Become "Incubators" of Capitalism
· Alkaloid molecules in coffee, chocolate, and other substances that have been the source of funds for coups and military regimes and the starting point for evil acts such as slave labor.
· Coffee saved humanity?
1556
Publication of "On Metals" - A book that led to the development of mining during the Renaissance.
· Why was the doctor so deeply captivated by the allure of the 'mine'?
· Why 『On Metals』 is such an important book from the perspective of the world history of chemistry.
HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY 10
Age of Scientific Revolution
1615
The Coal Age: Giving Birth to Railways, Factories, Workers, Industrial Cities, and Capitalism
· What were the circumstances that forced King Edward I of England to arrest and execute a man who burned coal?
· What is the context in which the introduction of 'bricks' and 'heating facilities' led to the establishment of a capitalist system?
· Without coal, railroads, factories, workers, industrial cities, and even capitalism itself could not exist?
1661
Boyle's Law - Chemistry breaks away from alchemy and begins to be recognized as a proper discipline.
· The first scientist to explore matter in a rational way and to establish chemistry as a proper academic discipline
Robert Hooke, the scientist who first introduced the world to the 'micro world' by discovering cells under a microscope
1667
The Discovery of the Spice Islands: The Flavor Molecules That Made History
· Originally, spices were used as various medicines and as 'talismans' to drive away the plague?
· Why were cloves and nutmeg sold at such high prices in Europe?
· A fierce battle between European powers such as Portugal, the Netherlands, and Spain over the Banda Islands, a clove and nutmeg producing area.
· Was the Spice Islands the price the Dutch paid for handing over control of New York to England?
HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY 11
The era of the industrial revolution and the civil revolution
1704
The Invention of Prussian Blue: The Color That Fascinated Van Gogh and Hokusai
· Prussian Blue, developed by Berlin dyer Johann Jakob Disbach, who changed the world of art history
1707
Barrel-aged whiskey - a new and groundbreaking brewing technique accidentally invented to avoid tax
· Did Henry VIII's persecution of Catholicism lead to the birth of today's world-famous 'Scotch whiskey'?
1709
Coke-Based Ironmaking: Laying the Foundation for the Industrial Revolution with a New Ironmaking Method
· Coke, developed by Dudley, changed the paradigm of the steel industry.
The Davi family, which invented a groundbreaking technology that changed the 3,000-year history of ironmaking.
1722
Peter the Great - Ergotism Destroyed His Aim of Exploring the Black Sea
Peter the Great of Russia worked as a shipwright in a Dutch shipyard to learn advanced shipbuilding techniques.
· Ergot alkaloids that threw ashes into Peter the Great's grand goal of advancing to the Black Sea
1735
A treasure trove of "new discoveries" in Central and South America - the introduction of rubber, another new material that changed world history, to Europe.
· The 'dispute over the shape of the Earth' between Newton and Descartes, which led to numerous surprising discoveries.
· Rubber, a new material that has transformed European and world history and established itself as a representative material supporting modern civilization.
1769
The popularity of porcelain and black tea—two commodities that underpinned the Industrial Revolution.
· Josiah Wedgwood of England, who invented the mass production technique for porcelain and became the 'king of porcelain'
· How did black tea become a stalwart of the 18th-century Industrial Revolution?
1773
The Boston Tea Party: The Unexpected Turnaround That Made Coffee Popular in America
· The Boston Tea Party, a decisive turning point in America's struggle for independence from British rule
Caffeine, the ingredient in tea and coffee that drove world history
1776
The American Declaration of Independence - Lucretian Thought Revived in America
· It is said that Thomas Jefferson, who was deeply influenced by Lucretius' philosophy, reflected his ideas in the American Declaration of Independence?
Benjamin Franklin's clever diplomacy changed the course of the American-Anglo-American War.
1784
Mass Production of Steel - The Perilous Journey to Strong Iron
· To make steel, the ‘oo element of iron’ must be removed.
What is oo here?
Henry Coates, the 'Father of the Puddle Method' who revolutionized the history of global steelmaking
1789
The Birth of Chemistry: A Chemistry Revolutionary Who Perished on the Guillotine
Lavoisier, the 'father of chemistry' who sentenced alchemy to death
· “The Republic doesn’t need chemists.”
· Shocked by the guillotining of his teacher Lavoisier, DuPont fled to the United States and based on his outstanding knowledge of chemistry,
Building a huge business
· Why did Napoleon reorganize his army around 'cannons'?
Napoleon, who had a keener insight than anyone else into the fact that the power of science was the key to victory in war.
1791
Galvani's Animal Electricity - Discovering the Flow of Electricity with the 'Frog Experiment'
· William Gilbert, who discovered the secret of electricity, was Elizabeth I's personal physician?
· Alessandro Volta, a chemist who discovered that the contact between two types of metals is the essence of electricity generation.
1795
Preventing scurvy - caused by vitamin C deficiency
· James Lind, a British physician who discovered that fresh fruits and vegetables prevent scurvy
Around 1800
The invention of the Voltaic battery - another new material that changed world history and civilization.
· Volta, the first scientist in human history to successfully generate an electric current
· If there had been no 'fantastic linkage play between Galvani and Volta' to invent the battery, would the smartphone not have been created?
References
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Into the book
Glass is a material that is like a ‘symbol of civilization.’
This is understandable, because without glass, we would have been stuck in the dark, unable to create windows or glass bulbs to bring light into buildings.
Also, if there was no glass, it would have been difficult to enjoy drinking culture because we would not have been able to make glasses like wine glasses.
Moreover, instruments such as telescopes and microscopes would not have been invented, so groundbreaking scientific theories such as the heliocentric theory would not have been born, and pathogens such as streptococci and staphylococci would not have been discovered.
And that's not all.
Before the camera was invented, Robert Capa (1913-1954) and Eugene Smith (W.
You may not have been able to see the work of photographers like Eugene Smith (1918-1978).
When and where in human history was glass first invented? Scholars believe it was in the ancient Mesopotamian civilization.
It is believed that people of that time initially made a kind of bead-like thing as an imitation of jewels, and that this was transmitted to Egypt through trade.
---From "Was it the Mesopotamians or the Egyptians who first invented glass in human history?"
Let's think about it for a moment.
In an age so long ago, almost unimaginably long ago, before explosives like dynamite, backhoes, or stone cutters like those of today, how were the stones needed to build the pyramids cut? How, exactly, were these massive stones cut to the desired size? Scholars have uncovered the secrets through years of research.
First, use an awl to drill many holes in a straight line in the large stone where you want to cut.
Then, insert a wooden stick into the hole and pour water.
If left in that state for a while, the wooden stick will swell and expand, splitting the stone along the hole.
To explain this chemically, it is a phenomenon in which water flows from the surface to the inside to dilute the molecules of various components remaining inside a very dry wooden stick.
This is called 'infiltration'.
The pressure that water exerts when trying to flow in, that is, the osmotic pressure, is so great that it can even split hard stones.
However, this is assuming that there are a sufficient number of wooden sticks.
---From "How did the Egyptians cut the stones for building the pyramids 4,500 years ago when they didn't have tools like stone cutters?"
The purple dye extracted from the horned snail was an incomparable treasure.
That's understandable, since it took 12,000 snails to get 1.5 grams of dye.
The purple dye, which was produced with such difficulty, fascinated people.
Later, after ancient Rome destroyed Phoenicia, the Romans enjoyed this dye and snail dishes.
Julius Caesar (100-44 BC), a powerful man, made a rule that only he and his descendants, who were practically emperors, were entitled to wear a toga dyed with purple dye.
Cleopatra, the Egyptian queen and lover of Caesar, dyed the sails of her personal warship purple.
In this way, purple became a symbolic color that indicated noble status in ancient Rome.
---From "It is said that 12,000 horned snails were needed to obtain 1.5 grams of purple dye?"
Matter is made up of atoms.
This is such basic knowledge that even elementary school students can easily answer it.
However, it has only been about 100 years since the fact that matter is made of atoms became common knowledge.
In fact, in the early 20th century, even among scientists with authority enough to win a Nobel Prize, there were many who denied the very existence of atoms, saying, “Atoms are nothing more than an illusion.”
When did the concept of particles (atoms) that make up all things first appear in human history? Surprisingly, it dates back to ancient Greece.
Around 400 BC, in the Greek city of Abdera, Democritus (c.
460~c.
There lived a philosopher of pleasant character named (370 BC).
One day, Democritus went to the seaside with his teacher Leucippus (?~?).
There, an interesting thought occurred to him.
It was a groundbreaking and profound idea: "Could all things be formed from tiny particles like sand? Could it be that there exists an ultimate particle (atom) that cannot be further divided, and that this particle constitutes all things?"
He called that ultimate particle 'atom'.
This is a word derived from the Greek word 'atomos' (meaning 'cannot be cut any more'), which is composed of the negative prefix 'a' meaning 'not to' and 'temnein' meaning 'to cut'.
One day, Democritus smelled cheese.
He explained the phenomenon as, “I can smell cheese because cheese atoms are flying into my body.”
He also said, “If you keep cutting and dividing this cheese, and then cutting and dividing it again, eventually you will reach a point where you can no longer cut it.
“That’s the atom,” he said.
---From "A Nobel Prize-winning scientist denied the existence of atoms, saying, "Atoms are nothing more than an illusion."
Alexander the Great was a genius of strategy and tactics.
He also left behind the following interesting anecdote when he defeated the Persian army.
Shortly after setting foot in the Persian Empire, Alexander employed a feint tactic to make his troops appear wounded.
How did he do it? He deceived the Persian army by dyeing the soldiers' uniforms with a red dye called alizarin, obtained from the madder plant, to make them appear as if they were covered in blood.
The Persian army then let their guard down, believing that Alexander the Great's army was weak.
Alexander was not one to miss this once-in-a-lifetime opportunity.
He attacked the enemy's weak point and defeated the Persian army, which was far superior in numbers, and achieved a valuable victory.
---From "Defeat the Persian Army Using the Ancient Greek World's Excellent 'Dyeing Technology'"
Lavoisier got into the rather lucrative business of collecting taxes from the public on behalf of the Louis dynasty.
It was to secure the considerable funds needed for chemical experiments.
But in 1789, the French Revolution broke out and crop failures continued, causing starving people to turn into rioters.
At that time, in Vienna, the capital of the Holy Roman Empire, the unparalleled genius musician Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart died at the young age of 35 and was buried in a mass grave with unknown people, a cruel fate.
But at the same time in France, another genius, Lavoisier, was meeting an even harsher fate.
As the French Revolution raged, popular anger was directed at the tax collectors who had been collecting taxes on behalf of the king.
Finally, an arrest warrant was issued for the tax collectors, and Lavoisier could not avoid being detained.
His wife Marian and close friends tried everything, but to no avail.
Lavoisier was brought before a revolutionary court and sentenced to death.
With the words, “Our republic doesn’t need scientists.”
It happened at 10:00 a.m. on May 8, 1794.
At 6:15 PM that same day, Lavoisier was taken to the Place de la Concorde.
The square housed a guillotine that beheaded 1,343 people, including Louis XVI (reigned 1774–1792) and Marie Antoinette (1755–1793).
Lavoisier and 28 tax collectors were beheaded one after another, their bodies loaded onto wagons and dumped in a desolate cemetery.
It is said that the French genius mathematician and physicist Joseph-Louis Lagrange (1736-1813), who was present at the execution scene at the time, looked up at the sky in sorrow and lamented:
“It would take only a second to cut off his head, but it would take at least a hundred years for a person with his brain to appear in human history.”
This is understandable, because without glass, we would have been stuck in the dark, unable to create windows or glass bulbs to bring light into buildings.
Also, if there was no glass, it would have been difficult to enjoy drinking culture because we would not have been able to make glasses like wine glasses.
Moreover, instruments such as telescopes and microscopes would not have been invented, so groundbreaking scientific theories such as the heliocentric theory would not have been born, and pathogens such as streptococci and staphylococci would not have been discovered.
And that's not all.
Before the camera was invented, Robert Capa (1913-1954) and Eugene Smith (W.
You may not have been able to see the work of photographers like Eugene Smith (1918-1978).
When and where in human history was glass first invented? Scholars believe it was in the ancient Mesopotamian civilization.
It is believed that people of that time initially made a kind of bead-like thing as an imitation of jewels, and that this was transmitted to Egypt through trade.
---From "Was it the Mesopotamians or the Egyptians who first invented glass in human history?"
Let's think about it for a moment.
In an age so long ago, almost unimaginably long ago, before explosives like dynamite, backhoes, or stone cutters like those of today, how were the stones needed to build the pyramids cut? How, exactly, were these massive stones cut to the desired size? Scholars have uncovered the secrets through years of research.
First, use an awl to drill many holes in a straight line in the large stone where you want to cut.
Then, insert a wooden stick into the hole and pour water.
If left in that state for a while, the wooden stick will swell and expand, splitting the stone along the hole.
To explain this chemically, it is a phenomenon in which water flows from the surface to the inside to dilute the molecules of various components remaining inside a very dry wooden stick.
This is called 'infiltration'.
The pressure that water exerts when trying to flow in, that is, the osmotic pressure, is so great that it can even split hard stones.
However, this is assuming that there are a sufficient number of wooden sticks.
---From "How did the Egyptians cut the stones for building the pyramids 4,500 years ago when they didn't have tools like stone cutters?"
The purple dye extracted from the horned snail was an incomparable treasure.
That's understandable, since it took 12,000 snails to get 1.5 grams of dye.
The purple dye, which was produced with such difficulty, fascinated people.
Later, after ancient Rome destroyed Phoenicia, the Romans enjoyed this dye and snail dishes.
Julius Caesar (100-44 BC), a powerful man, made a rule that only he and his descendants, who were practically emperors, were entitled to wear a toga dyed with purple dye.
Cleopatra, the Egyptian queen and lover of Caesar, dyed the sails of her personal warship purple.
In this way, purple became a symbolic color that indicated noble status in ancient Rome.
---From "It is said that 12,000 horned snails were needed to obtain 1.5 grams of purple dye?"
Matter is made up of atoms.
This is such basic knowledge that even elementary school students can easily answer it.
However, it has only been about 100 years since the fact that matter is made of atoms became common knowledge.
In fact, in the early 20th century, even among scientists with authority enough to win a Nobel Prize, there were many who denied the very existence of atoms, saying, “Atoms are nothing more than an illusion.”
When did the concept of particles (atoms) that make up all things first appear in human history? Surprisingly, it dates back to ancient Greece.
Around 400 BC, in the Greek city of Abdera, Democritus (c.
460~c.
There lived a philosopher of pleasant character named (370 BC).
One day, Democritus went to the seaside with his teacher Leucippus (?~?).
There, an interesting thought occurred to him.
It was a groundbreaking and profound idea: "Could all things be formed from tiny particles like sand? Could it be that there exists an ultimate particle (atom) that cannot be further divided, and that this particle constitutes all things?"
He called that ultimate particle 'atom'.
This is a word derived from the Greek word 'atomos' (meaning 'cannot be cut any more'), which is composed of the negative prefix 'a' meaning 'not to' and 'temnein' meaning 'to cut'.
One day, Democritus smelled cheese.
He explained the phenomenon as, “I can smell cheese because cheese atoms are flying into my body.”
He also said, “If you keep cutting and dividing this cheese, and then cutting and dividing it again, eventually you will reach a point where you can no longer cut it.
“That’s the atom,” he said.
---From "A Nobel Prize-winning scientist denied the existence of atoms, saying, "Atoms are nothing more than an illusion."
Alexander the Great was a genius of strategy and tactics.
He also left behind the following interesting anecdote when he defeated the Persian army.
Shortly after setting foot in the Persian Empire, Alexander employed a feint tactic to make his troops appear wounded.
How did he do it? He deceived the Persian army by dyeing the soldiers' uniforms with a red dye called alizarin, obtained from the madder plant, to make them appear as if they were covered in blood.
The Persian army then let their guard down, believing that Alexander the Great's army was weak.
Alexander was not one to miss this once-in-a-lifetime opportunity.
He attacked the enemy's weak point and defeated the Persian army, which was far superior in numbers, and achieved a valuable victory.
---From "Defeat the Persian Army Using the Ancient Greek World's Excellent 'Dyeing Technology'"
Lavoisier got into the rather lucrative business of collecting taxes from the public on behalf of the Louis dynasty.
It was to secure the considerable funds needed for chemical experiments.
But in 1789, the French Revolution broke out and crop failures continued, causing starving people to turn into rioters.
At that time, in Vienna, the capital of the Holy Roman Empire, the unparalleled genius musician Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart died at the young age of 35 and was buried in a mass grave with unknown people, a cruel fate.
But at the same time in France, another genius, Lavoisier, was meeting an even harsher fate.
As the French Revolution raged, popular anger was directed at the tax collectors who had been collecting taxes on behalf of the king.
Finally, an arrest warrant was issued for the tax collectors, and Lavoisier could not avoid being detained.
His wife Marian and close friends tried everything, but to no avail.
Lavoisier was brought before a revolutionary court and sentenced to death.
With the words, “Our republic doesn’t need scientists.”
It happened at 10:00 a.m. on May 8, 1794.
At 6:15 PM that same day, Lavoisier was taken to the Place de la Concorde.
The square housed a guillotine that beheaded 1,343 people, including Louis XVI (reigned 1774–1792) and Marie Antoinette (1755–1793).
Lavoisier and 28 tax collectors were beheaded one after another, their bodies loaded onto wagons and dumped in a desolate cemetery.
It is said that the French genius mathematician and physicist Joseph-Louis Lagrange (1736-1813), who was present at the execution scene at the time, looked up at the sky in sorrow and lamented:
“It would take only a second to cut off his head, but it would take at least a hundred years for a person with his brain to appear in human history.”
---From “The Republic Doesn’t Need Chemists”
Publisher's Review
If the ancient Egyptians did not have sophisticated 'chemical knowledge' 4,500 years ago,
The greatest building in human history, the Pyramid of Khufu, was not there?!
How many pyramids remain in Egypt today? 138.
Of these, which pyramid is the largest and most sophisticated? Of the three pyramids at Giza (the Pyramid of Khufu, the Pyramid of Khafre, and the Pyramid of Menkaure), the Pyramid of Khufu is by far the most impressive.
It boasts an enormous scale, with a height of approximately 139 meters (it was approximately 147 meters when it was built, but people removed all of the limestone exterior materials, changing its shape and reducing its height), each base length of approximately 230 meters, and made up of 2.3 million stones weighing an average of 2.6 tons.
This pyramid still holds mysteries that remain unsolved to this day and remains shrouded in mystery.
Because of this, even the absurd claim that 'aliens built the pyramid of King Khufu' has been raised.
The Great Pyramid of Khufu is not only incredibly large in scale but also has an incredibly intricate and perfect structure that allows it to support an unimaginable weight of 6 million tons and remain standing for nearly 5,000 years.
That is why the ‘alien architecture theory’ is even being circulated.
It is a culmination of outstanding surveying, architectural, and 'chemical knowledge' that cannot be imitated even by today's cutting-edge technology.
Not 450 years ago, not 1,450 years ago, but a whopping 4,500 years ago.
What kind of "chemical knowledge" was used in the construction of King Khufu's pyramid? It all started with the process of "cutting" the stone used to build the pyramid.
Let's think about it for a moment.
How did the ancient Egyptians, 4,500 years ago, without sophisticated tools like stone cutters, manage to manipulate and cut a staggering 2.3 million stones, each weighing 2.6 tons on average, into the desired sizes for use in the construction of their pyramids? This is where the remarkable "chemical knowledge" of the time came into play.
This is the secret that scholars have discovered through in-depth research.
First, workers use an awl to drill many holes in a straight line at the desired location in the large stone.
Then, insert a wooden stick into the hole and pour water.
If left in that state for a while, the wooden stick will swell and expand, splitting the stone along the hole.
To explain this chemically, it is a phenomenon in which water flows from the surface to the inside to dilute the molecules of various components remaining inside a very dry wooden stick.
In technical terms, it's called 'infiltration'.
The pressure that the water exerts when trying to flow in, that is, the osmotic pressure, is so great that it can split hard, large stones.
However, this is assuming that there are a sufficient number of wooden sticks.
As long ago as 4,500 years ago, the ancient Egyptians, based on such sophisticated 'chemical knowledge', built the Great Pyramid of Khufu, the most outstanding structure in human history, and changed the course of world history.
About 2,300 years ago, the ancient Greeks had great knowledge of dyes.
Without 'chemical knowledge', there would have been no hero Alexander the Great or Hellenistic culture?!
Alexander III, the king of Macedon in ancient Greece, was a legendary hero who deserves the title of “Great King” and a great figure who gave birth to Hellenistic culture, a wonderful fruit of the fusion of East and West.
How did he become a historical figure revered by people around the world? Many readers might be puzzled if I told them that his exceptional "chemical knowledge" was the foundation for this achievement.
What was the "chemical knowledge" that made Alexander a hero? It was his extensive "dye knowledge" and sophisticated "dyeing skills."
Alexander the Great, a genius in strategy and tactics, was also well-versed in science and technology, influenced by his teacher Aristotle.
He cleverly utilized the advanced dye knowledge and dyeing techniques of Greece at the time in the war against Persia.
It was not long after the army under Alexander the Great had set foot on the Persian Empire.
He employed a camouflage tactic to make his troops appear wounded.
How did they do it? They deceived the Persian army by dyeing their uniforms with a red dye called alizarin, obtained from the western madder plant, to make them appear as if they were covered in blood.
The Persian army then let their guard down, believing the Greek army to be weak.
Alexander was not one to miss this once-in-a-lifetime opportunity.
He sharply attacked the enemy's weak point and defeated the Persian army, which was far superior in numbers, and achieved a valuable victory.
Afterwards, the Greek army of Alexander the Great won successive victories against the Persian army of Darius III, driving the Persian Empire to its destruction and building a vast empire.
This is another famous scene where 'chemical knowledge' regarding dyes and dyeing changed the course of world history.
Around 5,000 years ago, the ancient Mesopotamians had a high level of knowledge about glass.
If there was no 'chemical knowledge', there would be no cutting-edge scientific and technological civilization today?!
Today, mankind enjoys a comfortable life, enjoying a high level of civilization and culture created by cutting-edge science and technology.
As one of these important driving forces, the author of this book cites the ancient human race's sophisticated 'chemical knowledge' about glass.
What kind of world would we be living in today if they hadn't acquired a proper "chemical knowledge" about glass? First, without glass, we wouldn't have been able to create windows or glass bulbs to bring light into buildings, leaving us confined to the dark.
Also, without glass, we would not have been able to make glass containers like wine glasses, making it difficult to properly enjoy drinking culture.
Moreover, tools such as telescopes and microscopes would not have been invented, so groundbreaking scientific theories such as the heliocentric theory would not have been born, and pathogens such as streptococci and staphylococci would not have been discovered.
And that's not all.
Without glass, cameras would never have been invented, and we would never be able to appreciate the work of great photographers like Robert Capa and Eugene Smith.
When and where was glass first invented? Scholars believe it was in Mesopotamia around 3000 BCE.
It is believed that the people of the time initially made a kind of bead-like object as a replica of a gem, which was then brought to Egypt through trade.
In this way, the 'chemical knowledge' about glass that humanity has acquired and utilized since 5,000 years ago has changed the course of world history and become the driving force that has led to the advancement of a cutting-edge civilized society.
Everything from the Big Bang, the birth and evolution of life, to fire, gold, copper, glass, fiber, paper, silk, electricity, bread, beer, and winemaking, all originated from 'chemistry.'
Kyobo Bookstore's bestseller in the history category for 65 consecutive weeks (『10 Medicines That Changed World History』), No. 1 in Kyobo Bookstore's '100 History Books that Shined in 2019' (『13 Plants That Changed World History』), 2021 Education Office Student Education and Culture Center Recommended Book (『37 Stories of Fish That Changed World History』), Happy Morning Reading Recommended Book (『10 Medicines That Changed World History』『13 Plants That Changed World History』『37 Stories of Fish That Changed World History』『10 Infectious Diseases That Changed World History』), School Library Journal Recommended Book (『13 Plants That Changed World History』『37 Stories of Fish That Changed World History』), Book Morning Book for Kyobo Bookstore CEO (『13 Plants That Changed World History』『37 Stories of Fish That Changed World History』『10 Infectious Diseases That Changed World History』『Coffee Stories That Changed World History』), etc., and has been consistently established as a bestseller and steady seller in major online and offline bookstores. A series that 'changed world history' that was sold and recognized for its content and value.
The seventh book in this series has been published by People and Trees Publishing.
That book is 『The Story of Chemistry That Changed World History - From the Birth of the Universe to the Industrial Revolution』.
『The Story of Chemistry That Changed World History - From the Birth of the Universe to the Industrial Revolution』 covers the history of mankind and the world, and even the history of the Earth and the universe, which has been shaped by chemistry as the driving force and momentum over a long period of time, from the birth of the universe due to the Big Bang 13.8 billion years ago and the birth of the Earth 4.6 billion years ago, to the birth and evolution of life, the inventions and discoveries of fire, red pigment, sewing needles, clay, gold, copper, glass, plant fibers, paper, silk, gunpowder, firearms, bronze, iron, and electricity, to the beginning of agriculture and the production of bread, beer, and wine.
Just as the Big Bang occurred 13.8 billion years ago and created the universe, I hope that after reading this book, an 'intellectual Big Bang' will occur in the minds of readers, creating a new 'universe of knowledge.'
The greatest building in human history, the Pyramid of Khufu, was not there?!
How many pyramids remain in Egypt today? 138.
Of these, which pyramid is the largest and most sophisticated? Of the three pyramids at Giza (the Pyramid of Khufu, the Pyramid of Khafre, and the Pyramid of Menkaure), the Pyramid of Khufu is by far the most impressive.
It boasts an enormous scale, with a height of approximately 139 meters (it was approximately 147 meters when it was built, but people removed all of the limestone exterior materials, changing its shape and reducing its height), each base length of approximately 230 meters, and made up of 2.3 million stones weighing an average of 2.6 tons.
This pyramid still holds mysteries that remain unsolved to this day and remains shrouded in mystery.
Because of this, even the absurd claim that 'aliens built the pyramid of King Khufu' has been raised.
The Great Pyramid of Khufu is not only incredibly large in scale but also has an incredibly intricate and perfect structure that allows it to support an unimaginable weight of 6 million tons and remain standing for nearly 5,000 years.
That is why the ‘alien architecture theory’ is even being circulated.
It is a culmination of outstanding surveying, architectural, and 'chemical knowledge' that cannot be imitated even by today's cutting-edge technology.
Not 450 years ago, not 1,450 years ago, but a whopping 4,500 years ago.
What kind of "chemical knowledge" was used in the construction of King Khufu's pyramid? It all started with the process of "cutting" the stone used to build the pyramid.
Let's think about it for a moment.
How did the ancient Egyptians, 4,500 years ago, without sophisticated tools like stone cutters, manage to manipulate and cut a staggering 2.3 million stones, each weighing 2.6 tons on average, into the desired sizes for use in the construction of their pyramids? This is where the remarkable "chemical knowledge" of the time came into play.
This is the secret that scholars have discovered through in-depth research.
First, workers use an awl to drill many holes in a straight line at the desired location in the large stone.
Then, insert a wooden stick into the hole and pour water.
If left in that state for a while, the wooden stick will swell and expand, splitting the stone along the hole.
To explain this chemically, it is a phenomenon in which water flows from the surface to the inside to dilute the molecules of various components remaining inside a very dry wooden stick.
In technical terms, it's called 'infiltration'.
The pressure that the water exerts when trying to flow in, that is, the osmotic pressure, is so great that it can split hard, large stones.
However, this is assuming that there are a sufficient number of wooden sticks.
As long ago as 4,500 years ago, the ancient Egyptians, based on such sophisticated 'chemical knowledge', built the Great Pyramid of Khufu, the most outstanding structure in human history, and changed the course of world history.
About 2,300 years ago, the ancient Greeks had great knowledge of dyes.
Without 'chemical knowledge', there would have been no hero Alexander the Great or Hellenistic culture?!
Alexander III, the king of Macedon in ancient Greece, was a legendary hero who deserves the title of “Great King” and a great figure who gave birth to Hellenistic culture, a wonderful fruit of the fusion of East and West.
How did he become a historical figure revered by people around the world? Many readers might be puzzled if I told them that his exceptional "chemical knowledge" was the foundation for this achievement.
What was the "chemical knowledge" that made Alexander a hero? It was his extensive "dye knowledge" and sophisticated "dyeing skills."
Alexander the Great, a genius in strategy and tactics, was also well-versed in science and technology, influenced by his teacher Aristotle.
He cleverly utilized the advanced dye knowledge and dyeing techniques of Greece at the time in the war against Persia.
It was not long after the army under Alexander the Great had set foot on the Persian Empire.
He employed a camouflage tactic to make his troops appear wounded.
How did they do it? They deceived the Persian army by dyeing their uniforms with a red dye called alizarin, obtained from the western madder plant, to make them appear as if they were covered in blood.
The Persian army then let their guard down, believing the Greek army to be weak.
Alexander was not one to miss this once-in-a-lifetime opportunity.
He sharply attacked the enemy's weak point and defeated the Persian army, which was far superior in numbers, and achieved a valuable victory.
Afterwards, the Greek army of Alexander the Great won successive victories against the Persian army of Darius III, driving the Persian Empire to its destruction and building a vast empire.
This is another famous scene where 'chemical knowledge' regarding dyes and dyeing changed the course of world history.
Around 5,000 years ago, the ancient Mesopotamians had a high level of knowledge about glass.
If there was no 'chemical knowledge', there would be no cutting-edge scientific and technological civilization today?!
Today, mankind enjoys a comfortable life, enjoying a high level of civilization and culture created by cutting-edge science and technology.
As one of these important driving forces, the author of this book cites the ancient human race's sophisticated 'chemical knowledge' about glass.
What kind of world would we be living in today if they hadn't acquired a proper "chemical knowledge" about glass? First, without glass, we wouldn't have been able to create windows or glass bulbs to bring light into buildings, leaving us confined to the dark.
Also, without glass, we would not have been able to make glass containers like wine glasses, making it difficult to properly enjoy drinking culture.
Moreover, tools such as telescopes and microscopes would not have been invented, so groundbreaking scientific theories such as the heliocentric theory would not have been born, and pathogens such as streptococci and staphylococci would not have been discovered.
And that's not all.
Without glass, cameras would never have been invented, and we would never be able to appreciate the work of great photographers like Robert Capa and Eugene Smith.
When and where was glass first invented? Scholars believe it was in Mesopotamia around 3000 BCE.
It is believed that the people of the time initially made a kind of bead-like object as a replica of a gem, which was then brought to Egypt through trade.
In this way, the 'chemical knowledge' about glass that humanity has acquired and utilized since 5,000 years ago has changed the course of world history and become the driving force that has led to the advancement of a cutting-edge civilized society.
Everything from the Big Bang, the birth and evolution of life, to fire, gold, copper, glass, fiber, paper, silk, electricity, bread, beer, and winemaking, all originated from 'chemistry.'
Kyobo Bookstore's bestseller in the history category for 65 consecutive weeks (『10 Medicines That Changed World History』), No. 1 in Kyobo Bookstore's '100 History Books that Shined in 2019' (『13 Plants That Changed World History』), 2021 Education Office Student Education and Culture Center Recommended Book (『37 Stories of Fish That Changed World History』), Happy Morning Reading Recommended Book (『10 Medicines That Changed World History』『13 Plants That Changed World History』『37 Stories of Fish That Changed World History』『10 Infectious Diseases That Changed World History』), School Library Journal Recommended Book (『13 Plants That Changed World History』『37 Stories of Fish That Changed World History』), Book Morning Book for Kyobo Bookstore CEO (『13 Plants That Changed World History』『37 Stories of Fish That Changed World History』『10 Infectious Diseases That Changed World History』『Coffee Stories That Changed World History』), etc., and has been consistently established as a bestseller and steady seller in major online and offline bookstores. A series that 'changed world history' that was sold and recognized for its content and value.
The seventh book in this series has been published by People and Trees Publishing.
That book is 『The Story of Chemistry That Changed World History - From the Birth of the Universe to the Industrial Revolution』.
『The Story of Chemistry That Changed World History - From the Birth of the Universe to the Industrial Revolution』 covers the history of mankind and the world, and even the history of the Earth and the universe, which has been shaped by chemistry as the driving force and momentum over a long period of time, from the birth of the universe due to the Big Bang 13.8 billion years ago and the birth of the Earth 4.6 billion years ago, to the birth and evolution of life, the inventions and discoveries of fire, red pigment, sewing needles, clay, gold, copper, glass, plant fibers, paper, silk, gunpowder, firearms, bronze, iron, and electricity, to the beginning of agriculture and the production of bread, beer, and wine.
Just as the Big Bang occurred 13.8 billion years ago and created the universe, I hope that after reading this book, an 'intellectual Big Bang' will occur in the minds of readers, creating a new 'universe of knowledge.'
GOODS SPECIFICS
- Publication date: December 22, 2022
- Page count, weight, size: 349 pages | 564g | 140*215*28mm
- ISBN13: 9791188635726
- ISBN10: 1188635727
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