Chapitre 1 : Comprendre le sport / 13

1.
Étymologie du mot « sport » ··········································································································15
2.
Définir le sport : une perspective évolutionniste ·····························································16
1) Jeux et sports ·························································································17
2) Jeux ··················································································································23
3) Sports ·············································································································24
3.
Caractéristiques du sport ···········································································································25
1) Fiction ·······················································································································26
2) Improductivité ····························································································································26
3) Incertitude ··························································································································26
4) Régularité institutionnalisée ······················································································27
5) Compétitivité ···········································································································27
6) Excellence physique ·················································································································28
7) Institutionnalisation ····························································································································28
4.
Civilisation et sports ·································································································29
1) Le processus de civilisation ················································································································29
2) Le processus de civilisation du sport ································································································30
5.
Caractéristiques du sport moderne ·························································································································31
1) Laïcité ·················································································································32
2) Égalité ····························································································32
3) Spécialisation ···························································································33
4) Rationalisation ···························································································35
5) Bureaucratisation ·····································································35
6) Quantification ····························································································36
7) Recherche de records ····················································································37

Chapitre 2 Théorie sociologique du sport / 39

1.
Théorie du sport et théorie sociale ···································································································41
1) Le rôle de la théorie en sociologie du sport ······························································41
2) La nature de la théorie sociologique du sport ····················································································42
2.
Théorie de la sociologie du sport ··················································································43
1) Théorie structurale-fonctionnelle : Le sport est une source de vitalité pour la vie ······················43
2) Théorie du conflit : Le sport est de l’opium ····································································49
3) Théorie critique : Le sport est une industrie culturelle qui trompe le public ············58
4) Interactionnisme symbolique ························································································66
5) Théorie de l'échange ·· ...

Chapitre 3 : Sport et politique / 73

1.
Les relations entre le sport et la politique ············································································75
1) Le sport et la politique sont-ils sans lien ? ·································································75
2) Pourquoi le sport se politise-t-il ? ··············································································76
3) Deux approches pour étudier la relation entre le sport et la politique ················80
2.
Sport et politique intérieure : quel est le rôle de l’État dans le sport ? ················82
1) Maintien de l'ordre public ·························································································82
2) Garantir l’équité et protéger les droits de l’homme ··················································································83
3) Maintien de la santé et de la forme physique ····························································································83
4) Renforcer le statut et le pouvoir d'une communauté ou d'une nation ························83
5) Promouvoir l'identité et l'unité ...........................................................................................................................83
6) Reproduction des valeurs et de l'idéologie dominantes ···················································84
7) Soutien accru aux dirigeants politiques et aux gouvernements ··················84
8) Promouvoir le développement économique et social ·······································································84
3.
Sport et politique dans un contexte international ··········································································86
1) L'usage diplomatique de l'État ···························································································86
2) Gouvernance internationale du sport ········································································································92
4.
La politique des méga-événements sportifs .................................................................................94
1) Le mythe de l'héritage des méga-événements sportifs ··································································94
2) Nationalisme et commercialisme dans les méga-événements sportifs ·······································99

Chapitre 4 : Le sport et l'économie / 101

1.
Facteurs sociaux influençant le développement du sport moderne ·················································103
1) Industrialisation ···················································································································103
2) Urbanisation ····················································································································104
3) Développement des transports et des communications ·································································································104
2.
Sport et commercialisme ·················································································105
1) Conditions sociales générales d'émergence du sport commercial ··········································105
2) Commercialisation et changements dans le sport ··············································································106
3.
Sport professionnel et commercialisation ·····························································································109
1) Valeur économique du sport professionnel ·······························································109
2) Fonctions sociales du sport professionnel ································································111
3) Les différents systèmes et la dualité de la commercialisation du sport professionnel ················112
4.
Méga-événements sportifs et commercialisation ·····················118
1) Valeur économique des méga-événements sportifs ······················118
2) L’organisation d’un méga-événement sportif dans notre pays et son impact économique ························122
5.
Le sport professionnel et l'économie en Corée ·············································································125
1) La naissance des premiers sports professionnels ····················································································125
2) Le lancement à grande échelle du sport professionnel ···························································································126
3) Caractéristiques du sport professionnel coréen ··········································································127

Chapitre 5 : Sports et médias / 129

1.
Comprendre les médias ·······································································································131
1) Le rôle des médias ···················································································131
2) Classification des médias ········································································································133
2.
Théorie des médias ···········································································································135
1) La théorie des médias de McLuhan ················································································135
2) Théorie des usages et gratifications ··································································································137
3) Théorie des catégories sociales ····································································································138
4) Théorie de la société en réseau ·······································································139
5) Théorie des études culturelles ··················································································140
3.
Les effets des médias sportifs ·······························································································142
4.
La naissance du sport médiatique ····························································································144
1) Le concept de sport médiatique ···························································································144
2) L'intersection du sport et des médias ·····················································································144
3) L'avènement de la télévision et du sport ···························································································145
4) Médiation des méga-événements sportifs ·····146
5) Le développement des médias sportifs coréens ··········································································148
5.
L'interaction entre le sport et les médias de masse ·········································································152
1) L'impact du sport sur les médias ····································································152
2) L'influence des médias sur le sport ·····································································153
6.
Propagation idéologique dans les médias sportifs ········································································154
1) Idéologie capitaliste ···························································································155
2) Idéologie sexiste ·················································································································155
3) Idéologie du succès ··································································································156
4) Idéologie héroïque ·································································································156
5) Autres idéologies ··································································································157
7.
Journalisme sportif et éthique ·····································································157

Chapitre 6 : Sport, éducation et développement / 159

1.
Comprendre l'éducation et le développement du sport ····················································································161
2.
Qu'est-ce que le développement sportif ? ·····················································································162
1) Développement du sport ··········································································································163
2) Éducation sportive ···········································································································163
3) Politique sportive ·······························································································163
3.
Objectif de la promotion du sport ································································································165
1) Le développement du sport lui-même ···········165
2) Développement par le sport ········166
4.
Modèle de développement sportif ··············································································166
1) Modèle pyramidal ·································································································167
2) Modèle des effets de ruissellement ·········································167
3) Modèle du cercle vertueux ·························································································167
4) Critique du modèle du cercle vertueux ················································································168
5) La réalité du développement sportif ······························································································172
5.
Le sujet de la promotion sportive : Gouvernance de la promotion sportive ············································174
1) Gouvernement : Relations hiérarchiques ······························································································176
2) Marché : Relations concurrentielles ·································································································176
3) Société civile : relations réciproques, volontaires et en réseau ······································177
4) Hybridité et politique de la gouvernance sportive ·················································178
6.
État actuel et perspectives du système de développement sportif coréen ···················179
1) Signification et étapes de l'égalité éducative ································································179
2) Système hiérarchique dépendant de la bureaucratie scolaire ············································181
3) Deux systèmes régissant le développement du sport en Corée ·················································184
4) Mécanismes bureaucratiques pour le développement du sport ····················································································186
5) Problèmes liés au système de développement sportif de la Corée ·····································································189
6) Tentatives et limites d'amélioration ·····························································································193

Chapitre 07 Socialisation sportive / 199

1.
La signification de la socialisation sportive ···························································································201
2.
Théorie de la socialisation ···············································································································202
1) Théorie de l'apprentissage social ·····························202
2) Théorie des rôles ························································································202
3) Théorie du groupe de référence ·······································203
3.
Le processus de socialisation sportive ······························································································203
1) Socialisation par le sport ····································································································204
2) Socialisation par le sport ······································································208
3) Désocialisation dans le sport ······································································212
4) Resocialisation par le sport ································································································213

Chapitre 8 : Sport et classe sociale / 215

1.
Qu'est-ce qu'une hiérarchie ? ···································································································217
1) La théorie des classes chez Marx : l'économie détermine la classe ·····································217
2) Stratification de Weber : La stratification est multicouche ···············218
3) La classe de Bourdieu : économie, culture et capital social ·····················································219
2.
Les caractéristiques de classe sociale dans le sport ····································································221
1) Les cinq caractéristiques de la classe sociale selon Tumin ·································································································222
2) Le constructivisme social du sport ···········································································225
3.
Classe sociale et participation sportive ································································································227
1) La participation sportive selon les différences économiques et socioculturelles··················227
2) La participation sportive selon la classe sociale selon Bourdieu ··················229
4.
Sport et mobilité sociale ···································································································235
1) Types de mobilité hiérarchique ······································································································236
2) Le rôle du sport comme mécanisme de mobilité ···································································236

Chapitre 09 Sport et genre / 239

1.
Comprendre le genre ··········································································································241
1) Construction sociale du genre ·································································································241
2) Caractéristiques sociales du genre ·································································································242
2.
Diverses perspectives sur l'inégalité des sexes ···················································246
1) Féminisme libéral ··································································································246
2) Féminisme marxiste ·······················································································248
3) Féminisme radical ··················································································································250
4) Féminisme masculin ·························································································································252
3.
La réalité des inégalités de genre dans le sport ····················································································255
1) Inégalités dans la participation des femmes au sport ·············································································255
2) Inégalité de rémunération pour les athlètes féminines ···········································································258
3) Inégalités d'emploi parmi les femmes dirigeantes ·· ...
4) Classification dichotomique des genres dans le sport ································································································261
4.
Reproduction de l'idéologie discriminatoire de genre ·····························263
1) Formation de l'idéologie de l'inégalité des sexes : préjugés ············································263
2) Diffusion de l'idéologie de l'inégalité des sexes : Médias ···········································266
3) Reproduction de l'idéologie de l'inégalité des sexes dans le sport : Sports ··········266

Chapitre 10 : Sport et déviance / 269

1.
Comprendre la déviance dans le sport ································································································271
1) Approches de la déviance sportive ················································································272
2) Types de déviations sportives ·······································································································275
3) Éthique sportive et conformisme excessif déviant ························································276
2.
Théorie sociologique de la déviance sportive ································································278
1) Perspective structuraliste-fonctionnaliste ··································································································279
2) Perspective du conflit ·········································································································282
3) Perspective interactionniste ···································································································285
3.
La fonction de la déviance sportive ··············································································287
1) Effets dysfonctionnels de la déviance sportive ·······················································································287
2) Les fonctions positives des écarts sportifs ·······························································································288
4.
Types de comportements déviants dans le sport ·····························································································289
1) Violence ····························································································································289
2) Inconduite ·····················································································································292
3) Actes criminels ·······················································································································293
4) Dopage ·································································································································293
5.
Étude de cas sur les comportements déviants dans le sport : une approche théorique de la manipulation de matchs ··········294
1) Qu'est-ce que la manipulation de matchs ? ····················································································294
2) Types de trucage de matchs ·······································································································295
3) Approches théoriques de la correction de matchs ······································································297

Chapitre 11 Le sport et l'action collective / 305

1.
Comprendre le comportement des spectateurs sportifs ························································································307
1) Types de spectateurs sportifs ·······························································································307
2) Fonctions positives du comportement des spectateurs sportifs ····································································308
3) Comportement dysfonctionnel des spectateurs sportifs ····································································308
2.
Types de comportements des spectateurs sportifs ··························································································309
1) Comportement des spectateurs en fonction des enjeux ·· ...
2) Comportement non conflictuel des spectateurs ·· ...
3.
La réalité de l'action collective dans le sport ·····················································································310
1) Action collective carnavalesque ···································································································310
2) Action collective violente ·········································································································311
4.
Comprendre le comportement collectif ·····················································································315
1) Causes de l'action collective violente ······················································································315
2) Compréhension théorique de l'action collective ··························································································317
3) Compréhension théorique de l'action collective violente ··················320
5.
Stratégies de contrôle par action collective violente ...........................................................................324

Chapitre 12 : Sport et organisation sociale / 327

1.
Comprendre les groupes sportifs ·································································································329
1) Définition d'un groupe sportif ·····································································································329
2) Statut et rôle des groupes sportifs ·············································································330
3) Classification des groupes sportifs ································································································332
4) Formation et développement de groupes sportifs ······························································333
2.
Organisations sportives et sociales ·················································································································336
1) Comprendre les organisations sportives ·· ...
2) Caractéristiques structurelles des organisations sportives ··················································································336
3) Types et niveaux d'organisations sportives ·· ...
4) Caractéristiques culturelles des organisations sportives ··················································································339
3.
Comprendre les organisations sportives internationales ······························································································340
1) Comité international olympique (CIO) ························································································340
2) Comité national olympique (CNO) ·························································································342
3) Fédérations internationales (FI) ·····················································································343
4.
Comprendre les organisations sportives nationales ·································································································344
1) Ministère de la Culture, des Sports et du Tourisme ··········································································································344
2) Conseil des sports de Corée ·· ...
3) Fondation coréenne pour la promotion du sport ·· ...

Chapitre 13 : Sport et mondialisation / 349

1.
Comprendre la mondialisation du sport ································································································351
1) Définition de la mondialisation du sport ·······················································································351
2) Diffusion des sports modernes ········································································································352
2.
Facteurs moteurs de la mondialisation du sport ·································································································355
1) Impérialisme ·······················································································356
2) Nationalisme ···························································································································358
3) Religion ·······················································································································360
4) Progrès technologiques ·····································································································360
3.
Le sport à l'ère néolibérale ····················································································361
1) Comprendre la mondialisation néolibérale ·································································361
2) Mondialisation néolibérale du sport ·· ...
3) L'ombre de la mondialisation néolibérale ···········································································363
4) L’impérialisme culturel à l’ère néolibérale ·····································································364

La sociologie du sport s'intéresse aux nombreux discours qui existent dans le monde du sport.
Car ce discours a une raison d'être et un but.
La plupart des gens ne sont pas très critiques envers le discours que produit le sport.
Je l'accepte tel quel.
Mais si vous regardez de plus près, vous constaterez qu'il existe de nombreux cas où elle est entachée de nombreuses erreurs et de préjugés.
Cependant, la sociologie du sport rejette cette idée et recommande de la reconsidérer.
« Est-ce vraiment vrai ? », « Si oui, pourquoi ? » La sociologie du sport est une science appliquée dont la sociologie est la discipline mère.
Par conséquent, la majeure partie du système de connaissances de la sociologie du sport repose sur la sociologie.
Par conséquent, pour comprendre la sociologie du sport, il est nécessaire de comprendre en quoi consiste la sociologie.

Premièrement, la sociologie s'intéresse à la société en tant qu'ensemble d'individus, et non aux individus pris individuellement.
Elle étudie les relations qui se tissent au sein de la société, c'est-à-dire la nature des relations sociales, leurs causes et leurs effets, ainsi que les interactions entre les individus et les groupes.
Je m'intéresse également à l'étude des coutumes, des structures et des institutions qui découlent de ces interactions, ainsi qu'à l'influence de la participation à toutes les forces, groupes et organisations qui les renforcent ou les affaiblissent sur le comportement et la personnalité individuels.
La sociologie s'intéresse, partiellement ou universellement, à la nature fondamentale de la société et aux processus sociaux qui assurent sa continuité ou engendrent des changements.
C’est la vie sociale qui régule le comportement humain, et les formes sociales institutionnalisées ont un impact significatif sur ce comportement.
La sociologie étudie donc non seulement comment ces formes s'établissent, se développent, interagissent et disparaissent, mais aussi comment elles fonctionnent pour les individus.


Deuxièmement, l'esprit fondamental de la sociologie est celui du sociologue américain Wright Mills (C.
Elle figure dans « L'imagination sociologique », ouvrage présenté par W. Mills.
Ici, « l’imagination sociologique » ne signifie pas comprendre ou reconnaître un phénomène social de manière linéaire, mais plutôt le comprendre d’une manière qui élargit le champ du sujet connexe.
Dans ce cas, cela inclut également l'élargissement du lien entre les actions d'un membre et la structure sociale.
Par exemple, cela signifie adopter une attitude consistant à chercher la solution au problème du chômage des jeunes non pas auprès des jeunes chômeurs eux-mêmes, mais auprès des entreprises qui ne recherchent que l'efficacité du capital et des systèmes sociaux qui les soutiennent.
Cette imagination sociologique commence toujours par une attitude critique et réflexive qui cherche à prendre du recul par rapport à la vie quotidienne familière et établie, et à regarder les objets d'une manière nouvelle.
La sociologie du sport est une discipline universitaire qui cherche à réinterpréter les relations sociales et les phénomènes qui se produisent dans l'environnement sportif à travers une perspective critique, fondée sur les attitudes et les connaissances fondamentales de la sociologie.
La sociologie du sport part du principe que les différents événements qui se produisent dans le monde du sport ne sont pas sans lien avec les systèmes sociaux dans lesquels nous vivons.
Autrement dit, les phénomènes sportifs ne sont pas des phénomènes indépendants qui se produisent uniquement dans le domaine du sport, mais sont étroitement liés à diverses institutions de la société, telles que la politique, l'économie et l'éducation, et s'influencent mutuellement.
C’est pourquoi, en anglais, on écrit « sociologie du sport » plutôt que « sociologie du sport ».

Une bonne façon d'aider les néophytes à comprendre la sociologie du sport est de la comparer à la psychologie du sport.
De manière générale, la psychologie du sport s'intéresse aux caractéristiques et aux processus internes des êtres humains liés au comportement individuel.
Elle traite donc principalement de la motivation, de la perception, de la cognition, de l'estime de soi, de la confiance en soi, de l'attitude et de la personnalité.
Bien que la psychologie du sport étudie également les relations dynamiques entre les individus, telles que la communication, le leadership et l'influence sociale, elle se concentre généralement sur la manière dont ces caractéristiques et processus relationnels influencent les caractéristiques et les processus internes à l'individu.


En revanche, la sociologie du sport s'intéresse davantage à la relation entre les actions des individus et les contextes sociaux dans lesquels ils vivent.
Autrement dit, la sociologie du sport s'intéresse à la réalité extérieure et environnante de l'individu, et étudie comment les gens nouent des relations avec les autres et comment ils façonnent les schémas sociaux qui donnent un sens à leur vie et leur permettent de la contrôler.
Par conséquent, la sociologie du sport s'intéresse aux significations et aux dynamiques sociales liées à la classe sociale, au genre, à la race, à l'ethnicité et à la nation.